Table 4.
Vitamin D and HIV-Related Complications Among Women During First 2 Years of Follow-Up (n=884)
| Complication | Episodes mean (SD)a | Relative risk for low vitamin D (95% CI) | p Valueb | Adjusted relative risk for low vitamin D (95% CI)c | p Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thrush | 0.06 (0.40) | 2.67 (1.31, 5.44) | 0.01 | 2.74 (1.29, 5.83) | 0.01 |
| Acute upper respiratory tract infection | 0.72 (1.30) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.62) | <0.01 | 1.27 (1.04, 1.54) | 0.02 |
| Reported mouth and throat ulcers | 0.30 (1.15) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.23) | 0.02 | 1.44 (0.98, 2.14) | 0.07 |
| Painful tongue or mouth | 0.36 (1.20) | 1.35 (0.96, 1.90) | 0.08 | 1.22 (0.85, 1.73) | 0.28 |
| Difficult or painful swallowing | 0.16 (0.62) | 1.15 (0.75, 1.77) | 0.51 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.75) | 0.64 |
| Nausea and vomiting | 0.44 (1.19) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.39) | 0.75 | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) | 0.95 |
| Diarrhea | 0.67 (1.37) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) | 0.88 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) | 0.66 |
| Dysentery | 0.21 (0.74) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) | 0.50 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.18) | 0.31 |
| Fatigue | 0.72 (1.66) | 1.35 (1.05, 1.75) | 0.02 | 1.20 (0.92, 1.56) | 0.17 |
| Rash | 1.14 (2.05) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) | 0.18 | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | 0.53 |
a
Mean number of episodes per year per woman (the average number of episodes per visit*12). Low vitamin D status was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations<32 ng/mL.
b
p-values from Generalized Estimating Equations using Proc Genmod in SAS.
c
All multivariate models adjusted for age, HIV disease stage, CD4 cell count, BMI, primiparity, anemia (Hb<7.0 g/dL), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (>81 mm/h) at baseline, and multivitamin regime received.
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.