Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the experimental workflow. (a) We first constructed a mathematical model of the human red blood cell (RBC) incorporating the antioxidant defense mechanism. (b) We then used published data from Jacobasch et al. [21] and fitted the patient-specific enzymatic kinetic parameters to build glucose-6-dehydrogenase phosphate (G6PD)-deficient patient models. Concurrently, we created virtual patient models. (c) The metabolic response of metabolite ratios and enzymatic activity to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) perturbation was simulated. (d) Recovery time and amount of change of the ratio of reduced glutathione to glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were used for evaluation of patient recovering ability. (e) The relationship between kinetic parameters and the indicators of redox imbalance were examined in both real and virtual patients. (f) The kinetic properties of G6PD-deficient patients with severe symptoms were predicted from analysis results.