Table 5.
Annual National Costs of Depression
| Costs per Countrya (US$ 2008 in millions) |
Costs per Depressed Individuala (US$ 2008) |
Key Assumptions |
||||||||||||
| Study | Country | Year | D (%) | S (%) | W (%) | D | S | W | Prdep | Prtrt | Prsui | i | Definitionb | Age (y) |
| This study | Japan | 2008 | 1,570 (14.2) | 2,542 (23.1) | 6,912 (62.7) | 689 | 1,115 | 3,032 | 2.2% | 27% | 28% | 6% | − | +20 |
| Thomas and Morris, 200322 | United Kingdom | 2000 | 702 (4.1) | 1,067 (6.2) | 15,422 (89.7) | 264 | 401 | 5,794 | 4.5% | NA | 70% | 6% | − | +15 |
| Jönsson and Bebbington, 199423 | United Kingdom | 1990 | 541 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | NA |
| Kind and Sorensen, 199324 | England and Wales | 1991 | 1,030 | NA | 7,349 | 509 | NA | 3,635 | 3.5% | NA | 60% | NA | + | +15 |
| Greenberg et al, 200320c | United States | 2000 | 30,939 (31.4) | 6,464 (6.6) | 61,130 (62.0) | 1,260 | 263 | 2,490 | 8.7% | 44% | 60% | 6% | + | +18 |
| Rice and Miller, 199525c | United States | 1990 | 31,917 (66.1) | 12,729 (26.4) | 3,646 (7.5) | 1,195 | 477 | 137 | 10.7% | NA | 60% | 6% | + | +18 |
| Greenberg et al, 199321 | United States | 1990 | 20,617 (28.4) | 12,493 (17.2) | 39,433 (54.4) | 1,400 | 848 | 2,677 | 5.9% | 67% | 60% | 6% | + | +18 |
| Stoudemire et al, 198626 | United States | 1980 | 4,829 (12.9) | 9,598 (25.7) | 22,916 (61.4) | 507 | 1,008 | 2,407 | 4.2% | 67% | 60% | 6% | − | +18 |
| Sobocki et al, 200727c | Sweden | 2005 | 661 (14.2) | 308 (6.6) | 3,693 (79.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 60% | 3% | + | +18 |
| Sobocki et al, 200628d | Spain | 2004 | 1,992 (28.6) | 260 (3.7) | 4,702 (67.6) | 1,166 | 152 | 2,753 | 4.0% | NA | NA | NA | + | NA |
| Hu et al, 20076 | China | 2002 | 1,256 (12.3) | 1,143 (11.2) | 7,844 (76.6) | 47 | 42 | 291 | 2.1% | 10% | 40% | 3% | + | +18 |
Costs reported in the published works were (1) inflated to the year 2008 using country-specific gross domestic product inflators29,30; they were then (2) converted into US dollars using purchasing power parities.11,30
(+) Indicates that the definition of depression includes bipolar disorder or dysthymia. (−) Indicates that the definition of depression excludes bipolar disorder and dysthymia.
We retrieved the latest statistics from the studies that assessed the development of the cost of depression over time.
We retrieved the cost of depression in Spain from those in Europe, because costs per depressed individual were lowest in Spain among 13 countries for which 12-month prevalence of depression was available.28
Abbreviations: D = direct medical costs, i = annual discount rate, NA = not available, Prdep = 12-month prevalence for depression, Prsui = percentage of suicides due to depression, Prtrt = treatment rate for depression, S = depression-related suicide costs, W = workplace costs.