Rats were injected with rAAV-NDI1 either in the skeletal muscles or the brain. One group of rat received an injection of purified Ndi1 protein in the tail vein. Blood samples of each group of rats (n = 4) were drawn and the presence of anti-Ndi1 antibodies was assessed by using ELISA. A 96 wells plate was coated with purified Ndi1 protein and the sera were tested from the following groups (serum dilution in parenthesis): a, Ndi1 protein injected into tail vein (1/5000); b, PBS injected muscle, 1 week (1/100); c, rAAV-NDI1 injected muscle, 1 week (1/100); d, PBS injected muscle, 1 month (1/100); e, rAAV-NDI1 injected muscle, 1 month (1/100); f, PBS injected brain, 1 week (1/100), g; rAAV-NDI1 injected brain, 1 week (1/100); h, PBS injected brain, 1 month (1/100); i, rAAV-NDI1 injected brain 1, month (1/100). Data are presented as mean ± SD.