Table 1.
Study sample characteristics and unadjusted odds ratios for PHQ-9 and CES-D (N=281)
| N | Distribution %/mean |
PHQ-9 | CES-D | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||
| DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS | ||||||||
| PHQ-9 | - | 2.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | 66 | 26.7% | ||||||
| CES-D | - | 7.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CES-D ≥ 16 | 42 | 14.3% | ||||||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||||
| Female | 223 | 84.0% | 2.48 | (0.87 - 7.11) | 3.69 | (0.79 - 17.20) | ||
| Age | - | 39.7 | 1.03 | (0.97 - 1.09) | 1.03 | (0.97 - 1.10) | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than 8th grade | 98 | 36.9% | 3.32 | (0.87 - 12.65) | 4.45 | (0.85 - 23.38) | ||
| 8th grade - HS | 77 | 28.1% | 2.05 | (0.48 - 8.83) | 3.06 | (0.65 - 14.35) | ||
| HS graduate | 69 | 22.2% | 2.70 | (0.71 - 10.23) | 3.51 | (0.74 - 16.70) | ||
| College graduate (ref. group) | 37 | 12.8% | - | - | - | |||
| Married or living with spouse | 227 | 72.8% | 0.47 | (0.17 1.33) | 0.56 | (0.15 2.06) | ||
| Employed | 209 | 78.6% | 0.88 | (0.38 - 2.04) | 0.46 | (0.17 - 1.23) | ||
| Length of residence in US (years) | - | 8.0 | 0.95 | (0.86 - 1.05) | 0.98 | (0.89 - 1.09) | ||
| Acculturation | - | 1.8 | 0.52 | (0.20 - 1.33) | 0.55 | (0.23 - 1.32) | ||
| PRE-MIGRATION FACTORS | ||||||||
| Major life event prior to migration | 87 | 30.0% | 2.25 | (0.88 - 5.79) | 3.95 | (1.45 - 10.71) ** | ||
| High poverty prior to migration | 19 | 6.6% | 3.62 | (0.62 - 21.18) | 9.42 | (1.65 - 53.67) * | ||
| MIGRATION FACTORS | ||||||||
| Feared for safety during migration | 254 | 89.8% | 6.40 | (1.45 - 28.10) * | 6.39 | (0.74 - 55.09) | ||
| Move to US was very stressful | 123 | 45.6% | 5.77 | (2.24 - 14.90) ** | 4.38 | (1.65 - 11.65) ** | ||
| Traumatic event during migration | 51 | 12.9% | 4.26 | (1.66 - 10.89) ** | 2.76 | (1.00 - 7.64) * | ||
| Entered without documentation | 196 | 66.5% | 2.38 | (0.91 - 6.25) | 4.28 | (1.49 - 12.28) ** | ||
| POST-MIGRATION FACTORS | ||||||||
| Racial/ethnic discrimination | 92 | 31.8% | 3.20 | (1.21 - 8.51) * | 2.64 | (0.88 - 7.91) | ||
| Racial problems in neighborhood | 54 | 16.5% | 2.31 | (0.92 - 5.84) | 4.06 | (1.42 - 11.58) ** | ||
| Compatriots live in my neighborhood | 130 | 42.5% | 3.82 | (1.57 - 9.28) ** | 3.29 | (1.19 - 9.05) * | ||
| Unsafe neighborhood | 67 | 19.8% | 1.41 | (0.60 - 3.29) | 2.78 | (1.04 - 7.43) * | ||
| Speak/read only Spanish | 177 | 60.7% | 2.29 | (0.89 - 5.87) | 2.87 | (1.04 - 7.89) * | ||
| Family reunification | 124 | 41.0% | 0.34 | (0.15 - 0.79) * | 0.54 | (0.20 - 1.46) | ||
| SOCIAL SUPPORT FACTORS | ||||||||
| Social support score | - | 39.8 | 0.88 | (0.83 - 0.94) ** | 0.93 | (0.87 - 1.00) | ||
| Familism score | - | 24.1 | 0.94 | (0.84 - 1.05) | 0.82 | (0.72 - 0.93) ** | ||
*
p ≤ .05,
**
p ≤ .01
Note: Unweighted N. Weighted means and percentages.