Table 1.

Bone-Marrow Derived Hematopoietic and Non-Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

BM Cells	Target Disease	Differentiation Potential	Phenotype	Telomerase	Senescence Tendency	References
EPCs	Retinal Ischemia, Parkinson’s Disease, Malignant Tumors, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Ischemic Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury, Alzheimer’s Disease	CD34+, CD31+, AC133+, VEGFR2+, Tle-2+	Endothelial Cells	Positive	PD₆ until 7–8 days, with Senescence augmented by estrogen or SDF-1 treatment	Asahara et al., 1997, 1999. Takahashi et al., 1999. Gehling et al., 2000. Lin et al., 2000. Heissig et al., 2002. Imanishi et al., 2006. Ingram et al., 2006. Kocher et al., 2006. Rustemeyer et al., 2006. Lapergue et al., 2007. McCarty, 2009. Li Carzi et al., 2010. Reimers et al., 2010. Zheng et al., 2010. Andres et al., 2011. Hesa and Allan, 2011. Huertas and Palange, 2011. Jiang and chen, 2011. Kong et al., 2011.

MSCs	Malignant Tumors and cancer	Not Addressed	OCA cells	N/A	Mean CPDL is about 38 PDs at passage 15	Bruder et al., 1997. Ozawa et al., 2005. Sordi and Piemonti, 2010. Hamada et al., 2011.
	Inflamation, Autoimmune, Asthma	Not Addressed	OCA cells	N/A	Lose MDP at 19–22 PDs. CPDL is around 22–23 in 80 days of culture	Banfi et al., 2000. Parekkadan et al., 2008, Nemeth et al., 2010.
	Neurological Damage and Regeneration (Stroke, Alzheimec, Parkinson, Tramatic Brain Injury, Spinal Cord Injury)	Not Addressed	OCA cells	N/A	Lose MDP at 19–22 PDs. CPDL is around 22–23 in 80 days of culture	Muraglia et al., 2000. Zwart et al., 2009. Bakhtiary et al., 2010. Cheng et al., 2010. Lee et al., 2010. Osaka 2010. Khoo et al., 2011. Zhou, 2011.
	Cardio-Related Disease (i.e., Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Myocardial Infarction)	SH2+, SH3+, CD29+, CD44+, CD14−, CD34− and CD45−	OCA cells	Negative	CPDL is around 18 PDs, at about 80 days	Zimmerman et al., 2003. Wang et al., 2010. Liang et al., 2011.
	Inflamatory Bowel	Not Addressed	OCA cells	N/A	CPDL is 15 PDs of about 40 days of culture	Kobune et al., 2003. Ko et al., 2010.
	Multiple Sclerosis and Liver Regeneration	Not Addressed	OCA cells	N/A	CPDL in serum-deprived hMSCs is about 9 PDs at passage 10. CPDL for control hMSCs is about 7 PDs at passage 8	Pochampally et al., 2004. Witherick et al., 2010., Sokal 2011.

hTERT-MSCs	Cerebral Ischemia and Spinal Cord Injury	Not Addressed	OCA cells	N/A	PP remains until 80 PDs of about 400 days of culture	Kobune et al., 2003. Honma et al., 2006.

HSCs	Alzheimer’s Disease, Traumatic Brain Injury, Myeloid Leukaemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Cutaneous Repair	Blood cells	CD34+, CXCR4+	Positive	Up for debate, thought to be dysfunctional in aging HSCs, but even reduced telemere expression neither shorten telemere nor limit PP	Lapidot and Kollet, 2005. Nervi et al., 2006. Papayannopoulou and Scadden, 2008. Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2006. Zimmerman and Martens, 2008. Geiger and Rudolph, 2009. Guo et al., 2009. Lapidot and Kollet, 2010. Drukala et al., 2011. Klinakis et al., 2011. McNeer et al., 2011.

VSEL Cells	Tissue Rejuvertation, Stroke, Myocardial Infarctions, Diabetes, Cutaneous Repair	SSEA-1+, Oct-4+, Nanog+, Rex-1+, Sca-1+, CD45−	Three germ lineages	Positive	Expand for about 7 PDs (personal communication with author)	Kucia et al., 2006b, 2007. Ratajczak et al., 2006. Zuba-Surma et al., 2005. Paczkowska et al., 2009. Shin et al., 2009. Wojakowski et al., 2009. Hocking et al. 2010. Huang et al., 2010. Shin et al., 2010. Drukala et al., 2011. Sovalat et al., 2011. Wojakowski et al., 2011.

OCA cells: osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic cells; PDs: population doublings; CPDL: cumulative population doubling level; PP: proliferation potential; MDP: multiple lineages differentiate potential; Not Addressed: authors did not describe this topic in their study; Negative/positive: the activity of telomerase is negative or positive.