Table 1.

Summary of host factors that affect reverse transcription.

Host factor	Found in virus particle	Virus binding partner	RT/IN binding site	Affect on reverse transcription	Other binding partners with respect to RT	Reference
INI1	Yes	IN	NH2-terminal; zinc-finger region	Unclear, recruits Sin3a complex proteins to the virion	HIV-1 TAT; SAP18	[52,53,61,63,66]
SAP18	Yes	IN	n/d	unknown, recruits Sin3a complex proteins to the virion	INI1	[52]
HDAC1	Yes	nil	n/a	required for early reverse transcription	INI1	[52]
Gemin2	No	IN	C-terminal region; amino acids 213–288	required for early reverse transcription	SMN1; DHX9 (but indirectly through the SMN complex)	[55,80]
HuR	n/d	RT	RNAse H domain	required for early reverse transcription	APOBEC3G	[95,103]
AKAP149	No	RT	RNAse H domain	required for early reverse transcription	PKA, PDE4,	[120,121,126]
TOP1	Yes	NC	n/a	stimulates RT activity	n/a	[132,134,135]
APOBEC3G	Yes, if Vif is absent	NC; viral RNA/DNA	n/a	inhibits early reverse transcription & inhibits elongation of viral cDNA	HuR	[99–102]
DHX9 (RHA, RNA helicase A)	Yes	Gag, viral RNA	n/a	required for early reverse transcription	SMN complex, APOBEC3G	[80,103]

n/d = not determined

n/a = not applicable