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. 2010 Jan 14;2(1):166–188. doi: 10.3390/v2010166

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Overview of the targets of the immune system for the induction of protective immunity against influenza. (A) HA-specific antibodies can bind to the HA on viruses and prevent infection of cells. (B) M2e specific antibodies can bind to M2e on virus-infected cells and induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (C) NA specific antibodies inhibit enzymatic activity of NA and thus further spread of newly produced virus particles. (D) Pathogens and proteins are broken down into peptides within acidified endosomes and these peptides bind to MHC Class II, MHC Class II peptide complexes are subsequently transported to the surface of the cell for recognition by CD4+ T cells. (E) The mode of action of NP-specific antibodies is largely unknown. (F) Influenza viral proteins are degraded in the cytosol of the infected cell by the proteasome into peptides that are transported to the endoplasmatic reticulum where they can bind to MHC class I molecules. The MHC class I peptide complexes are transported to the surface of the infected cells for recognition by CD8+ T cells, which subsequently eliminate the infected cell.