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HIV-1 Vpu’s down modulation of NTB-A prevents NK cells from efficiently killing infected cells. Though Vpr induces expression of ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D and Nef down modulates ligands for the NK cell inhibitory receptor, NK cells are still unable to efficiently lyse HIV infected CD4+ T-cells. Vpu’s sequestration of NTB-A in the trans-Golgi network in the infected cell prevents NK cells from obtaining a second activating signal to initiate NK cell degranulation.
