Table 1.

Summary of the studies relating autophagy to dengue virus (DENV) infection.

Study	DENV Serotype	Cell Lines Used	Major Conclusions
Lee et al., 2008 [31]	DENV2	Huh7	DENV induces autophagy DENV induced autophagosomes acquire LAMP1 3MA treatment reduces viral replication Silencing ATG5 inhibits viral replication
Panyasrivanit et al., 2009 [33]	DENV2	HepG2	DENV induces autophagy DENV induced autophagosomes acquire LAMP1 3MA treatment reduces viral replication DENV NS1 and dsRNA can be detected on LC3 positive structures Inhibiting autophagosome/lysosome fusion increases virus yield
Khakpoor et al., 2009 [32]	DENV3	HepG2	DENV induces autophagy DENV induced autophagosomes acquire LAMP1 3MA treatment reduces viral replication DENV NS1 and dsRNA can be detected on LC3 positive structures Inhibiting autophagosome/lysosome fusion decreases virus yield
Heaton et al., 2010a [30]	DENV2	Huh7.5	Silencing ATG6 inhibits viral replication
Heaton et al., 2010b [39]	DENV2	Huh7.5, BHK, Huh7, HepG2	DENV induces autophagy 3MA or ATG siRNAs reduce viral replication and virus production, but not entry or protein translation No significant co-localization between LC3 and viral replication markers DENV induced autophagosomes associate with lipid droplets DENV induced autophagosomes acquire LAMP1 and acidify DENV infection increases the delivery of lipids to autolysosomes Dengue induced autophagy leads to depletion of cellular triglycerides and stimulation of beta-oxidation The requirement of autophagy for DENV replication can be supplanted by adding exogenous fatty acids. This is dependent on beta-oxidation.
Ke et al., 2011 [24]	DENV2	Huh7	Autophagy can reduce the activation of the interferon beta promoter stimulated by DENV 3′-UTR RNA
McLean et al., 2011 [34]	DENV2	MDCK, MEF, 293T, HeLa, Vero	DENV infected cells are resistant to apoptosis by exogenous stimuli. DENV induces autophagy 3MA treatment inhibits viral replication Inhibition of autophagy prevents DENV mediated resistance to apoptosis Over-expression of NS4A alone prevents apoptosis NS4A mediated protection from apoptosis is dependent upon autophagy