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TNBS inflammation significantly increased the markers of DNA damage on day 3 of inflammation. (A) The global level of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, an indicator of base excision in genomic DNA, increased significantly on day-3 of inflammation in the muscularis externae tissues. (B) and (C) Immunofluorescence and western blotting revealed significantly greater phosphorylated γ-H2AX, indicator of double strand break, in smooth muscle cells. N = 4 to 6, *p<0.05 vs. controls.
