Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Information
| Total (N = 80) | CBT (n = 41) | Clinical Monitoring (n = 39) | pavalue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genderb | .86 | |||
| Male | 48 (60%) | 25 (61%) | 23 (59%) | |
| Female | 32 (40%) | 16 (39%) | 16 (41%) | |
|
| ||||
| Agec | 64.56 (10.53) | 63.73 (9.89) | 65.44 (11.23) | .47 |
|
| ||||
| Parkinson’s Disease Duration (years) | 6.34 (5.51) | 6.53 (5.53) | 6.13 (5.56) | .74 |
|
| ||||
| Age of Parkinson’s Disease Onset | 58.21 (11.78) | 57.12 (11.22) | 59.36 (12.39) | .40 |
|
| ||||
| Depression Duration (current episode; years) | 2.84 (3.06) | 3.13 (3.36) | 2.54 (2.72) | .39 |
|
| ||||
| Primary DSM-IV Diagnosis | ||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | 65 (81%) | 33 (81%) | 32 (82%) | .74 |
| Dysthymia | 8 (10%) | 5 (12%) | 3 (8%) | |
| Depression Not Otherwise Specified | 7 (9%) | 3 (7%) | 4 (10%) | |
|
| ||||
| Comorbid Anxiety Disorder | 45 (56.3%) | 26 (63%) | 19 (49%) | .19 |
|
| ||||
| Antidepressant Used | 43 (54%) | 22 (54%) | 21 (54%) | .99 |
|
| ||||
| Clinical Global Impression Scale – Severity | 4.41 (.57) | 4.44 (.63) | 4.38 (.49) | .67 |
|
| ||||
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Score | 20.18 (4.27) | 20.93 (4.56) | 19.38 (4.56) | .11 |
|
| ||||
| Beck Depression Inventory Score | 19.30 (7.97) | 19.18 (7.47) | 19.05 (7.37) | .90 |
|
| ||||
| Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Score | 18.95 (4.33) | 19.32 (4.41) | 18.49 (4.35) | .36 |
|
| ||||
| Dementia Rating Scale Score | 138.24 (4.9) | 139.44 (3.8) | 136.97 (5.5) | .02* |
|
| ||||
| Parkinson’s Disease Stage (Hoehn and Yahr) | 2.14 (0.77) | 2.12 (0.90) | 2.16 (0.83) | .81 |
|
| ||||
| Race | ||||
| White | 74 (93%) | 38 (93%) | 36 (91%) | .39 |
| Black | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | |
| Asian | 4 (5%) | 3 (7%) | 1 (3%) | |
| Pacific Islander | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | |
|
| ||||
| Ethnicity | .57 | |||
| Hispanic | 3 (4%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (3%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 77 (96%) | 39 (95%) | 38 (97%) | |
|
| ||||
| Marital Status | .28 | |||
| Married | 57 (71%) | 32 (78%) | 25 (64%) | |
| Divorced | 12 (12%) | 6 (15%) | 6 (15%) | |
| Widowed | 9 (11%) | 3 (7%) | 6 (16%) | |
| Never Married | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | |
|
| ||||
| Education | .60 | |||
| High School Diploma | 12 (15%) | 7 (17%) | 5 (13%) | |
| Some College | 14 (17%) | 7 (17%) | 7 (17%) | |
| College Degree | 19 (24%) | 7 (17%) | 12 (31%) | |
| Graduate Degree | 35 (44%) | 20 (49%) | 15 (39%) | |
|
| ||||
| Receiving Disability | 27 (34%) | 16 (39%) | 11 (28%) | .31 |
|
| ||||
| # Comorbid Medical Conditions | 2.50 (1.81) | 2.20 (1.55) | 2.82 (2.02) | .13 |
|
| ||||
| # Current Axis I Diagnoses | 1.80 (0.92) | 1.88 (0.81) | 1.72 (1.03) | .44 |
|
| ||||
| # Parkinson’s Disease Medications | 1.75 (1.04) | 1.80 (1.23) | 1.69 (0.80) | .63 |
|
| ||||
| # Psychotropic Medications | 1.25 (1.15) | 1.20 (1.15) | 1.31 (1.17) | .67 |
|
| ||||
| # Total Medications | 7.64 (3.99) | 7.17 (3.40) | 8.13 (4.53) | .29 |
|
| ||||
| # Past Depression Med Trials | 1.29 (1.67) | 1.17 (1.36) | 1.41 (1.96) | .53 |
|
| ||||
| Deep Brain Stimulation | 3 (4%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (3%) | .59 |
|
| ||||
| History of Psychotherapy | 50 (62%) | 27 (66%) | 23 (59%) | .53 |
|
| ||||
| Current Supportive Counseling | 7 (9%) | 3 (7%) | 4 (10%) | .64 |
|
| ||||
| Time (weeks) to Week 10 Evaluation | 11.79 (2.75) | 11.70 (3.40) | 11.90 (1.87) | .76 |
|
| ||||
| Time (weeks) to Week 14 Evaluation | 15.90 (4.03) | 15.74 (4.85) | 16.08 (3.00) | .71 |
CBT and Clinical Monitoring were compared at baseline on relevant demographic and clinical variables to check for group equivalence with t or χ2 tests as appropriate.
A nominal baseline difference was observed on the Dementia Rating Scale total score. No significant differences emerged on any other variable. Baseline Dementia Rating Scale score was added as a covariate in the analysis of primary outcome. The Dementia Rating Scale was not a significant covariate (p=.48) and thus removed from the final analysis.
N’s and % are presented for categorical variables.
Means and standard deviations are presented for continuous variables.
For those taking antidepressant medications, the average length of treatment on the stable regimen was 2 years and this did not differ between treatment groups (p=.60).