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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2011;21(1):71–100. doi: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v21.i1.50

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Ubiquitin-like conjugation systems that play roles in the early steps of autophagy. Early steps in autophagosome formation are regulated by two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems. In both cases, a ubiquitin-like protein (Atg8 and Atg12) is conjugated to an E1-like enzyme (Atg7), and then to an E2-like enzyme (Atg3 and Atg10). These are then used to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) conjugates of Atg8 (LC3 II) as well as protein conjugates of Atg5/12/16.