Table 2. Demographic data of ALS patients with no bulbar signs at the time of testing (i.e. non-bulbar), with bulbar signs at the time of testing (i.e. bulbar) and healthy controls, and relative performance on the background neuropsychological tests.
| Non-bulbar | Bulbar | Healthy controls | F or Kruskal-Wallis H | |
| (n 9) | (n 6) | (n 21) | ||
| Age in years | 62.22 (17.64) | 54.33 (18.02) | 57.48 (12.91) | NS |
| Gender (M:F) | 7∶2 | 4∶2 | 14∶7 | - |
| Education in years | 13.67 (3.20) | 16.83 (3.96) | 17.02 (4.15) | NS |
| Verbal Fluency: letters P, R, W | 40.22 (11.33) | 38.50 (18.64) | 52.33 (10.87) | 4.646* |
| Verbal Fluency: Index | 3.83 (1.27) | 5.17 (2.38) | 2.85 (0.52) | 7.898** § |
| Verbal Fluency: Category | 18.33 (6.60) | 19.50 (4.18) | 22.05 (4.10) | NS |
| GNT (0–30) | 21.44 (4.07) | 22.50 (2.17) | 26.10 (2.43) | 9.680** ¶ |
| VOSP: “Object Decision” (0–20) | 17.44 (1.81) | 18.83 (0.75) | 18.29 (1.76) | NS |
| VOSP: “Position Discrimination” (0–20) | 20.00 (0.00) | 19.83 (0.41) | 19.81 (0.40) | NS |
| VOSP: “Number Location” (0–10) | 9.33 (0.71) | 9.17 (1.17) | 9.62 (0.97) | NS |
| Hayling: “Overall” (1–10) | 5.22 (1.20) | 6.17 (1.17) | 6.05 (1.20) | NS |
| Hayling: “Sensible completion” (1–7) | 5.33 (1.12) | 6.00 (0.89) | 6.05 (0.50) | NS |
| Hayling: “Unconnected completion” (1–8) | 5.11 (1.45) | 6.00 (1.10) | 5.76 (0.89) | NS |
| Hayling: Errors (1–8) | 5.89 (1.69) | 6.50 (0.84) | 6.33 (1.83) | NS |
| Brixton (1–10) | 5.89 (1.90) | 8.33 (1.37) | 7.10 (1.84) | NS |
GNT Graded Naming Test; NS not significant; SD standard deviation; VOSP Visual Object and Space Perception battery.
*p<0.05.
**p<0.001.
§
Bulbar patients significantly different from healthy controls.
¶
Bulbar and non-bulbar patients significantly different from healthy controls.