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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Aug 12;51(9):1749–1757. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.004

Figure 10. Administration of pyruvate, a major glucose metabolite, minimally attenuates endothelial GSH induced by low glucose and combined low glucose and insulin.

Figure 10

Panels A and B respectively show the effect of pyruvate (1 or 5 mM) on hypoglycemia- or combined hypoglycemia and insulin-induced endothelial GSH increases. The minimal effect of pyruvate on the increase in endothelial GSH mediated by hypoglycemia (plus/minus insulin) suggests a minor role for hypoglycemia-mediated metabolic stress in GSH induction. * p<0.01, 0 mM glucose versus 5 mM glucose (without or with insulin); # p<0.05, 0 mM glucose versus 0 mM glucose plus 5mM pyruvate (without or with insulin).