The combination of oral bacterial infection and Pam treatment caused failure of epithelial healing and BONJ lesions. (A) On Day 15, representative clinical photos ([1] and [2]) and H&E staining pattern (original magnification: [3] and [4], ×50; [5] and [6], ×200) of mice in Group 1 (Control, [1], [3], and [5]), or Group 4 (Pam+Fn, [2], [4], and [6]) are shown. (B) The number of mice with unhealed epithelial tissue at tooth extraction sites was counted every 5 days. The incidence of mice with unhealed epithelium in each group is expressed in percentage (%). These data are representative of 3 independent experiments. #Difference of percentages between two groups (Group 1 and Group 4 at Day 15) is significant (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.05). (C) The mice (n = 10) treated with the combination of Pam and Fn were supplied with normal water (Group A) or an antibiotics cocktail (Group B) for 15 days after tooth extraction, and the number of mice with unhealed epithelium was counted. The incidence of mice with unhealed epithelium is expressed as a percentage (%). *Difference of percentages between two groups (Group A and Group B at Day-15) is significant (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.05).