Table 3.
Associations between 10-year supplemental vitamin intake and risk of hematologic malignancies
| 10-year average daily use prior to baselinea | Cases n (%) |
Noncases n (%) |
Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivitamins | ||||
| None | 219 (37.2) | 22,882 (34.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| >0–2.5 pill-yearsc | 98 (16.7) | 11,407 (17.4) | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) |
| >2.5–8.0 pill-years | 133 (22.6) | 14,804 (22.6) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) |
| >8–10 pill-years | 138 (23.5) | 16,538 (25.2) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) |
| P Trend | 0.057 | 0.085 | ||
| Retinol | ||||
| None | 206 (35.2) | 21,556 (33.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 19.3–510.0 μg/d | 129 (22.0) | 14,741 (22.8) | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) |
| 510.1–1,200.0 μg/d | 201 (34.3) | 21,931 (34.0) | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) |
| 1,200.1–8,790.0 μg/dd | 50 (8.5) | 6,365 (9.9) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.80 (0.58–1.12) |
| P Trend | 0.137 | 0.188 | ||
| β-Carotene | ||||
| None | 212 (36.3) | 22,750 (35.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 6.4–377.0 μg/d | 111 (19.0) | 13,992 (21.6) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) |
| 377.1–600.0 μg/d | 93 (15.9) | 9,254 (14.3) | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) |
| 600.1–13,554.0 μg/dd | 168 (28.8) | 18,880 (29.1) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) |
| P Trend | 0.626 | 0.774 | ||
| Folic Acid | ||||
| None | 206 (35.0) | 21,147 (32.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 8.6 to 200.0 μg/d | 155 (26.4) | 18,526 (28.4) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) |
| 200.1 to 400.0 μg/d | 178 (30.3) | 20,778 (31.9) | 0.84 (0.68–1.03) | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) |
| 400.1 to 1,400.0 μg/dd | 49 (8.3) | 4,742 (7.3) | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) |
| P Trend | 0.340 | 0.278 | ||
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | ||||
| None | 210 (35.8) | 21,786 (33.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.032–0.750 mg/d | 131 (22.3) | 15,549 (23.9) | 0.95 (0.77–1.19) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) |
| 0.751–1.50 mg/d | 141 (24.0) | 16,260 (25.0) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 0.86 (0.69–1.09) |
| 1.51–104.65 mg/dd | 105 (17.9) | 11,571 (17.8) | 0.98 (0.77–1.23) | 0.97 (0.76–1.25) |
| P Trend | 0.466 | 0.493 | ||
| Niacin (Vitamin B3) | ||||
| None | 205 (35.0) | 21,556 (33.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.4–10.0 mg/d | 148 (25.3) | 17,668 (27.1) | 0.97 (0.78–1.19) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) |
| 10.1–20.0 mg/d | 184 (31.5) | 20,017 (30.7) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) |
| 20.1–1,024.0 mg/dd | 48 (8.2) | 5,914 (9.1) | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) |
| P Trend | 0.224 | 0.241 | ||
| Vitamin B6 | ||||
| None | 203 (34.6) | 21,153 (32.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.04–1.40 mg/d | 123 (21.0) | 14,871 (22.8) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) |
| 1.41–3.00 mg/d | 152 (25.9) | 16,858 (25.9) | 0.88 (0.71–1.08) | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) |
| 3.01–270.0 mg/dd | 109 (18.6) | 12,310 (18.9) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) |
| P Trend | 0.544 | 0.732 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | ||||
| None | 202 (34.4) | 21,134 (32.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.1–5.0 μg/d | 128 (21.8) | 15,542 (23.9) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) |
| 5.1–25.0 μg/d | 194 (33.1) | 21,511 (33.1) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) |
| 25.1–300.0 μg/dd | 63 (10.7) | 6,887 (10.6) | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) |
| P Trend | 0.457 | 0.466 | ||
| Vitamin C | ||||
| None | 168 (28.7) | 17,755 (27.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1–60.05 mg/d | 136 (23.3) | 16,336 (25.1) | 0.90 (0.71–1.12) | 0.93 (0.74–1.19) |
| 60.06–322.05 mg/dd | 133 (22.7) | 15,383 (23.6) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) |
| 322.06–1,600.0 mg/dd | 148 (25.3) | 15,654 (24.0) | 0.94 (0.76–1.18) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) |
| P Trend | 0.663 | 0.799 | ||
| Vitamin De | ||||
| None | 200 (34.3) | 21,077 (32.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.2 to 5.0 μg/d | 153 (26.2) | 18,729 (28.8) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) |
| 5.1 to 10.0 μg/d | 196 (33.6) | 20,987 (32.3) | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) |
| 10.1 to 30.0 μg/dd | 34 (5.8) | 4,149 (6.4) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.86 (0.58–1.27) |
| P Trend | 0.415 | 0.463 | ||
| Vitamin Ef | ||||
| None | 162 (27.7) | 17,409 (26.7) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1.3 to 42.0 mg/d | 130 (22.2) | 16,252 (25.0) | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) |
| 42.1 to 215.0 mg/dd | 147 (25.1) | 16,042 (24.6) | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) |
| 215.1 to 1,000.0 mg/dd | 146 (25.0) | 15,456 (23.7) | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) |
| P Trend | 0.544 | 0.419 |
a
From single supplements (and mixtures other than multivitamins) plus multivitamins. See Design and Methods for how 10-year average dose was computed and categorized.
b
All models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, self-reported health, consumption of fruits and vegetables (without potatoes), history of coronary artery disease, history of rheumatoid arthritis, history of fatigue/lack of energy, and family history of leukemia/lymphoma.
c
Pill-years = days per week/7 x years of use in 10 years before baseline.
d
Greater than amount of that nutrient that could be obtained from 10-year daily use of the multivitamin Centrum Silver (Wyeth; Madison NJ, USA).
e
Denotes μg/d of cholecalciferol.
f
Denotes mg/d of alpha-tocopherol.
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.