Table 4.
Associations between 10-year supplemental mineral intake and risk of hematologic malignancies
| 10-year average daily use prior to baselinea | Cases n (%) |
Noncases n (%) |
Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | ||||
| None | 162 (27.7) | 17,607 (27.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1.7–127.3 mg/d | 161 (27.5) | 16,287 (25.0) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) |
| 127.3–318.6 mg/d | 130 (22.2) | 15,797 (24.2) | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) |
| 318.7–1,950.0 mg/dc | 132 (22.6) | 15,509 (23.8) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) |
| P Trend | 0.359 | 0.438 | ||
| Iron | ||||
| None | 220 (37.9) | 23,571 (36.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.1–4.0 mg/d | 130 (22.4) | 13,777 (21.3) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 1.04 (0.83–1.32) |
| 4.1–18.0 mg/d | 208 (35.9) | 24,799 (38.3) | 0.93 (0.76–1.12) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) |
| 18.1–68.0 mg/dc | 22 (3.8) | 2,563 (4.0) | 1.09 (0.70–1.70) | 1.12 (0.71–1.76) |
| P Trend | 0.585 | 0.668 | ||
| Magnesium | ||||
| None | 208 (35.5) | 22,023 (33.8) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 1.1–50.0 mg/d | 151 (25.8) | 17,881 (27.4) | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) |
| 50.1–100.0 mg/d | 180 (30.7) | 19,620 (30.1) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) |
| 100.1–500.0 mg/dc | 47 (8.0) | 5,639 (8.7) | 0.90 (0.66–1.24) | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) |
| P Trend | 0.410 | 0.495 | ||
| Zinc | ||||
| None | 207 (35.2) | 21,834 (33.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.32–7.50 mg/d | 141 (24.0) | 17,214 (26.4) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) |
| 7.51–15.0 mg/d | 154 (26.2) | 17,650 (27.1) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) |
| 15.1–130.0 mg/dc | 86 (14.6) | 8,475 (13.0) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.99 (0.75–1.29) |
| P Trend | 0.660 | 0.625 | ||
| Selenium | ||||
| None | 208 (35.6) | 22,932 (35.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.21–10.10 μg/d | 123 (21.1) | 14,228 (21.8) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 1.07 (0.84–1.35) |
| 10.11–20.0 μg/d | 113 (19.4) | 12,697 (19.5) | 0.96 (0.76–1.20) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) |
| 20.1–400.0 μg/dc | 140 (24.0) | 15,407 (23.6) | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) |
| P Trend | 0.650 | 0.556 | ||
| Chromium | ||||
| None | 220 (37.5) | 23,427 (35.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 0.2–34.0 μg/d | 119 (20.3) | 14,173 (21.7) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) |
| 34.1–130.0 μg/d | 228 (38.8) | 25,566 (39.2) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) | 0.94 (0.77–1.14) |
| 130.1–393.0 μg/dc | 20 (3.4) | 2,094 (3.2) | 0.94 (0.60–1.49) | 0.86 (0.52–1.44) |
| P Trend | 0.422 | 0.437 |
From single supplements (and mixtures other than multivitamins) plus multivitamins. See Design and Methods for how 10-year average dose was computed and categorized.
All models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, self-reported health, consumption of fruits and vegetables (without potatoes), history of coronary artery disease, history of rheumatoid arthritis, history of fatigue/lack of energy, and family history of leukemia/lymphoma. The model for iron was additionally adjusted for anemia within the last year prior to baseline.
Greater than amount of that nutrient that could be obtained from 10-year daily use of the multivitamin Centrum Silver.
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.