Table 5.
Associations between 10-year specialty supplement use and risk of hematologic malignancies
| 10-year average daily use prior to baselinea | Cases n (%) |
Noncases n (%) |
Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucosamine | ||||
| None | 458 (77.9) | 52,245 (79.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Low use | 85 (14.5) | 8,470 (13.0) | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) | 1.12 (0.87–1.43) |
| High use | 45 (7.7) | 4,700 (7.2) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) |
| P Trend | 0.546 | 0.871 | ||
| Chondroitin | ||||
| None | 493 (83.8) | 56,662 (86.6) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Low use | 65 (11.1) | 5,716 (8.7) | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) |
| High use | 30 (5.1) | 3,082 (4.7) | 1.01 (0.70–1.47) | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) |
| P Trend | 0.286 | 0.540 | ||
| Ginsengc | ||||
| None | 549 (93.7) | 59,922 (91.6) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Ever use | 37 (6.3) | 5,507 (8.4) | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.79 (0.55–1.12) |
| P Difference | 0.280 | 0.186 | ||
| Grape seedc | ||||
| None | 560 (95.2) | 60,511 (92.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Ever use | 28 (4.8) | 4,991 (7.6) | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 0.57 (0.37–0.88) |
| P Difference | 0.047 | 0.010 | ||
| Ginko Bilobac | ||||
| None | 514 (87.9) | 56,342 (86.2) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Low use | 40 (6.8) | 5,914 (9.0) | 0.82 (0.59–1.13) | 0.77 (0.55–1.09) |
| High use | 31 (5.3) | 3,134 (4.8) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.94 (0.63–1.41) |
| P Trend | 0.717 | 0.342 | ||
| Garlicc | ||||
| None | 523 (89.4) | 57,738 (88.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Low use | 38 (6.5) | 4,156 (6.4) | 1.06 (0.76–1.47) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) |
| High use | 24 (4.1) | 3,501 (5.4) | 0.65 (0.43–0.98) | 0.55 (0.34–0.87) |
| P Trend | 0.084 | 0.028 | ||
| Fish Oil | ||||
| None | 538 (91.7) | 59,063 (90.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Low use | 30 (5.1) | 3,608 (5.5) | 1.00 (0.69–1.44) | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) |
| High use | 19 (3.2) | 2,763 (4.2) | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) |
| P Trend | 0.178 | 0.098 |
Specialty supplement use was categorized as never use (“None”), low use (use for less than 4 days/week per week or less than 3 years), high use (use for at least 4 days/week and at least 3 years), or ever use.
All models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, self-reported health, consumption of fruits and vegetables (without potatoes), history of coronary artery disease, history of rheumatoid arthritis, history of fatigue/lack of energy, and family history of leukemia/lymphoma. The models for glucosamine and chondroitin were additionally adjusted for history of non-rheumatoid arthritis or chronic neck/back/joint pain.
From single supplements (and mixtures other than multivitamins) plus multivitamins; those with only multivitamin source coded as “low” 10-year average use.
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.