Table 2.
Hierarchical linear modeling estimates of the effects of level 1 and 2 predictors on implementation of smoking cessation counseling
| Effects | Model 1: unconditional means estimate (RSE) | Model 2: random coefficient estimate (RSE) | Model 3: means as outcomes estimate (RSE) | Model 4: intercepts and slopes as outcomes estimate (RSE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 fixed effects (counselors) | ||||
| Group average (intercept) | 0.92 (0.04)*** | 0.13 (0.08) | ||
| Current smokera | −0.10 (0.08) | |||
| Former smokera | 0.08 (0.06) | |||
| Knowledge of PHSa | 0.22 (0.02)*** | |||
| Perceived managerial supporta | 0.16 (0.01)*** | |||
| Belief re: recoverya | 0.16 (0.02)*** | |||
| Centered agea | −0.00 (0.00) | |||
| White | −0.03 (0.09) | |||
| Female | 0.04 (0.05) | |||
| Masters degree | −0.05 (0.05) | |||
| In recovery | −0.00 (0.05) | |||
| Level 2 fixed effects (agencies) | ||||
| Group average (intercept) | 0.78 (0.09)*** | |||
| Privately funded | −0.15 (0.11) | |||
| Therapeutic community | −0.08 (0.12) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.73 (0.13)*** | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | 0.48 (0.18)** | |||
| Hospital | −0.13 (0.11) | |||
| Inpatient only | 0.02 (0.12) | |||
| Mixed in/outpatient | 0.07 (0.09) | |||
| For profit | 0.03 (0.13) | |||
| Government owned | 0.11 (0.15) | |||
| Cross-level interactions | ||||
| Group average (intercept) | 0.19 (0.07)* | |||
| Privately funded | −0.17 (0.10) | |||
| Therapeutic community | −0.01 (0.11) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.00 (0.19) | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | 0.03 (0.21) | |||
| Current smokera | −0.17 (0.13) | |||
| Privately funded | 0.06 (0.17) | |||
| Therapeutic community | −0.05 (0.17) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.24 (0.20) | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | 0.03 (0.25) | |||
| Former smokera | 0.06 (0.09) | |||
| Privately funded | 0.13 (0.13) | |||
| Therapeutic community | −0.20 (0.14) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.08 (0.18) | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | −0.08 (0.23) | |||
| Knowledge of PHSa | 0.21 (0.03)*** | |||
| Privately funded | −0.09 (0.04)* | |||
| Therapeutic community | −0.01 (0.05) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.19 (0.05)** | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | 0.00 (0.06) | |||
| Perceived managerial supporta | 0.14 (0.02)*** | |||
| Privately funded | 0.01 (0.03) | |||
| Therapeutic community | 0.02 (0.04) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.00 (0.06) | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | 0.03 (0.05) | |||
| Belief re: recoverya | 0.11 (0.04)** | |||
| Privately funded | 0.03 (0.06) | |||
| Therapeutic community | 0.02 (0.06) | |||
| Formal cessation program | 0.04 (0.08) | |||
| % Counselors trained/100 | 0.18 (0.09) | |||
| Proportion variance explained | 29% (within) | 23% (between) | 22% (total) | |
| Deviance (number of parameters estimated) | 6,151.48 (2) | 5,079.47 (29) | 6,081.34 (2) | 5,272.24 (22) |
Est. Unstandardized estimate; RSE robust standard error
a
Level 1 predictors modeled as random effects
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001