Figure 2.

Representative double-plot actograms for the locomotor activity of queens in various reproductive states. The numbers on the y-axes in each plot depict days; the height of the bars within each day corresponds to the level of locomotor activity in 10 min bins. (a) A virgin gyne. This bee developed significant circadian rhythms on day 3. (b) A colony-founding queen left with her first batches of brood. This bee is active around the clock with no circadian rhythms. (c) A colony-founding queen whose brood was removed. This bee exhibited circadian rhythms from day 1. (d) A colony-founding queen whose brood was left intact, but the brood died during the experiment. This bee exhibited significant circadian rhythms from day 3. (e) An ovariectomized colony-founding queen left with her first batches of brood. (f) A colony-founding queen that had laid again after her brood was removed. This bee exhibited significant circadian rhythms during the first 3 days, but later was active around the clock with no circadian rhythms. Asterisks indicate brood inspections in which there were no eggs found inside the cage; filled circles indicate an inspection in which eggs were observed inside the cage. (a) Experiment 2-queen 2A4; (b) experiment 2-queen 2D2; (c) experiment 2-queen 2B3; (d) experiment 2-queen 1E3; (e) experiment 3-queen 2C3 and (f) experiment 3-queen 2B2.