Figure 2.
Ebola virus-like particles (EBOV-VLPs) and Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) induce formation of actin ruffles and macropinosomes. A–C, HeLa cells were exposed to EBOV-VLPs or phosphate-buffered saline (control) for 30 minutes, and fixed with formaldehyde. Actin filaments were labeled with phalloidin-TRITC (red) and EBOV-VLPs with a GP1,2-specific antibody (green). Higher magnification of the boxed area reveals actin ruffles (arrowheads) and macropinosomes (arrows) with and without EBOV-VLPs. D–F, Formaldehyde-fixed HeLa cells, 15 minutes after exposure to ZEBOV (multiplicity of infection = 1), were stained for filamentous actin with phalloidin–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (green) and for EBOV with antibody against EBOV-VP40 (magenta). Higher magnification of the boxed area reveals virus particles engulfed by actin ruffles and inside macropinosomes. Experiments were repeated 3 times with similar results.