Table 1.
Participant characteristics at study entry by gender and subsequent CAD status
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | No CAD (n=212) | CAD (n=89) | p-value | No CAD (n=222) | CAD (n=76) | p-value |
| Age (years) | 25.4 (7.4) | 30.8 (6.5) | <0.0001 | 25.2 (7.2) | 33.2 (6.7) | <0.0001 |
| Age at onset (years) | 8.1 (4.3) | 7.8 (3.9) | 0.54 | 8.3 (3.9) | 8.9 (4.1) | 0.24 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 17.4 (6.7) | 23.1 (7.1) | <0.0001 | 17.0 (6.8) | 24.4 (6.8) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 (3.1) | 24.3 (2.7) | 0.008 | 23.3 (3.3) | 23.9 (3.7) | 0.17 |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.86 (0.05) | 0.89 (0.04) | <0.0001 | 0.77 (0.05) | 0.79 (0.07) | 0.01 |
| Percent ever smoked | 35.4 (75) | 51.7 (46) | 0.009 | 28.8 (64) | 51.3 (39) | 0.0004 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.8 (1.5) | 8.8 (1.6) | 0.87 | 8.7 (1.6) | 8.7 (1.4) | 0.79 |
| Insulin dose/weight | 0.83 (0.26) | 0.76 (0.20) | 0.008 | 0.80 (0.25) | 0.71 (0.25) | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.7 (12.7) | 121.9 (17.6) | <0.0001 | 107.3 (11.9) | 115.5 (16.5) | 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.0 (10.3) | 79.2 (10.8) | <0.0001 | 68.9 (8.7) | 73.2 (13.2) | 0.009 |
| Blood pressure medication (%) | 4.1 (8) | 23.0 (20) | <0.0001 | 4.2 (9) | 17.3 (13) | 0.0002 |
| Percent hypertensive | 9.4 (20) | 31.5 (28) | <0.0001 | 6.8 (15) | 27.6 (21) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 76.8 (10.2) | 78.2 (9.0) | 0.25 | 78.4 (9.2) | 81.7 (10.5) | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.8 (9.8) | 46.4 (9.2) | 0.0004 | 59.2 (12.5) | 56.3 (13.8) | 0.10 |
| HDL2 (mg/dL) | 10.2 (6.8–16.1) | 9.9 (6.8–13.2) | 0.29 | 17.3 (10.6–23.0) | 15.6 (10.0–22.5) | 0.43 |
| HDL3 (mg/dL) | 38.6 (34.3–43.3) | 35.6 (31.4–40.2) | 0.001 | 40.7 (36.5–44.5) | 39.0 (34.1–46.6) | 0.17 |
| Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL) | 135.0 (123.0–146.0) | 135.0 (125.0–149.0) | 0.77 | 140.0 (128.0–154.0) | 140.0 (130.0–152.5) | 0.98 |
| Apolipoprotein A-II (mg/dL) | 44.0 (38.0–50.0) | 45.0 (38.0–48.0) | 0.93 | 43.5 (38.0–52.0) | 44.5 (38.0–51.5) | 0.66 |
| Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL) | 97.0 (81.0–116.0) | 108.0 (93.0–127.0) | 0.0008 | 91.0 (76.0–112.0) | 107.5 (85.0–126.5) | 0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 129.3 (36.6) | 159.6 (49.0) | <0.0001 | 128.6 (40.8) | 146.7 (36.4) | 0.0007 |
| ACE/ARB use (%) | 1.5 (3) | 5.7 (5) | 0.06 | 1.8 (4) | 6.7 (5) | 0.05* |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.90 (0.80–1.10) | 1.0 (0.90–1.3) | 0.001 | 0.80 (0.60–0.90) | 0.80 (0.60–1.00) | 0.29 |
| Glomerular filtration rate by Cockcroft-Gault (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 122.4 (36.1) | 107.8 (45.0) | 0.008 | 114.1 (46.8) | 100.2 (41.2) | 0.02 |
| Albumin excretion rate (μg/min) | 11.8 (7.0–52.4) | 71.3 (11.7–1006.9) | <0.0001 | 10.9 (6.6–44.4) | 30.9 (7.8–281.5) | 0.003 |
| White blood cell count × 103/mm2 | 6.1 (1.6) | 7.0 (2.0) | 0.0006 | 6.5 (1.9) | 7.3 (2.2) | 0.002 |
Note. Data presented are means (std) or percentages (n); for non-normally distributed variables, median (interquartile range) is presented. Sample size was reduced for the following variables: Body mass index (men: 211 non-cases and 88 cases; women: 221 non-cases and 76 cases); waist to hip ratio (men: 210 non-cases and 89 cases; women: 219 non-cases and 75 cases); HbA1c (men: 211 non-cases and 89 cases; women: 222 non-cases and 75 cases); insulin dose/weight (men: 197 non-cases and 87 cases; women: 215 non-cases and 75 cases); blood pressure medication (men: 197 non-cases and 87 cases; women: 215 non-cases and 75 cases); pulse (men: 210 non-cases and 89 cases); HDL2 (men: 205 non-cases and 86 cases; women: 216 non-cases and 75 cases); Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B (men: 207 non-cases and 89 cases; women: 220 non-cases and 76 cases); Apolipoprotein A-II (men: 207 non-cases and 89 cases; women: 118 non-cases and 76 cases); ACE/ARB use (men: 200 non-cases and 88 cases; women: 217 non-cases and 75 cases); albumin excretion rate (men: 210 non-cases and 89 cases; women: 221 non-cases and 75 cases); and white blood cell count (men: 210 non-cases and 88 cases; women: 220 non-cases and 76 cases).
Fisher’s exact test p-value