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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011 Jun 23;107(1):21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.06.004

Figure 1. Multi-scale regulation in biology.

Figure 1

A. An example of multi-scale regulation in cardiac excitation. RyR: A recording of a single RyR opening and closing (Zima et al., 2008). CRU: Ca sparks in a cardiac myocyte shown as a line-scan (time-space plot) (Zima et al., 2008). Red arrow indicates the location where the Ca transient (below) was recorded. Myocyte: An action potential (black) and the companion whole-cell Ca transient (red). Heart: A normal ECG. B. A schematic plot of different scales and their interactions in biology.