Table 3.

Regression model results of hopelessness on biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction

	E-Selectin	P-Selectin	S-ICAM1
	% Change	% Change	% Change
Continuous Hopelessness Measure
Model 1: Age + gender	2.93	0.65	3.36**
Model 2: Age + gender + health conditions	2.49	0.44	3.10**
Model 3: Age + gender + health conditions + health behaviors	2.57	0.07	2.52**
Categorical Hopelessness Levels
Model 1: Age
Low	[ref]	[ref]	[ref]
Medium	10.32	−0.14	8.37
High	18.63*	0.55	18.15**
Model 2: Age+ gender + health conditions
Low	[ref]	[ref]	[ref]
Medium	10.59*	0.04	7.34
High	16.08*	−0.63	17.50**
Model 3: Age + gender + health conditions + health behaviors
Low	[ref]	[ref]	[ref]
Medium	10.66*	−0.28	8.21
High	17.96**	−1.81	17.60**

N=434

^**p-value < 0.05,

^*p-value<0.10