Table 3.
Overview of model properties related to their ability to reproduce DADs
| Model | Species (Cell Type) | DAD/CaOSS | Needs NCX for CaOSS | RyR Model Type | RyR Modulation by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iyer07 (34) | Human (ventricle) | Yes | Yes | M | CaDyad and CaSR |
| Fink08 (21) | Human (ventricle) | Yes | Yes | HH | CaDyad and CaSR |
| Maleckar09 (54) | Human (atrium) | Yes | No | M | CaDyad and CaCyt |
| Shannon04 (82) | Rabbit (ventricle) | Yes | No | M | CaDyad and CaSR |
| Iribe06 (32)* | Guinea pig (ventricle) | Yes | Yes | M | CaCyt, CaSR, CaMK, and ICaL (additive) |
| Matsuoka03 (57) | Guinea pig (ventricle) | Yes | Yes | M | CaCyt, CaSR, and ICaL (additive) |
| Noble98 (65)† | Guinea-pig (ventricle) | Yes | Yes | M | CaDyad and CaCyt |
| Hinch04 (28) | Rat (ventricle) | Yes | Yes | M | CaDyad |
| Pandit01 (71) | Rat (ventricle) | Yes | No | M | CaDyad |
| Pasek08 (73) | Rat (ventricle) | Yes | No | M | CaDyad |
| Courtemanche98 (11) | Human (atrium) | No | HH | SR Ca2+-release current, voltage, Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (multiplicative), and ICaL (multiplicative) | |
| Luo-Rudy91 (51) | Guinea pig (ventricle) | No | Other | Not physiological | |
| Bondarenko04 (6) | Mouse (ventricle) | No | M | CaDyad and ICaL (multiplicative) |
Twenty-three of thirty-seven models can physiologically replicate DADs [five models show Ca2+ oscillations in the subsystem (CaOSS) even with Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) = 0 with their default parameters]. Models that have a RyR formulation that couples RyR opening with the opening of ICaL multiplicatively (RyRs can only open if ICaL is open) cannot reproduce either DADs in the full model or Ca2+ oscillations in the reduced models (CaOSS); otherwise, the possibility to simulate DADs seems to be parameter dependent, but not dependent on the model structure. CaDyad, Ca2+ in the dyadic space; CaCyt, cytosolic Ca2+.
This model requires a change in the RyR parameter value “gain_K1.”
This model requires a change in the parameter value “NCX dNaCa” or “SERCA alphaUp.”