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The upregulation of spinal GFAP and TNFα induced by ddC. Two weeks after ddC, left L4/5 spinal dorsal horns were harvested under anesthesia, and protein expression of spinal GFAP and TNFα was tested using western blots. Systemic ddC significantly induced the upregulation of GFAP and TNFα in the spinal cord level. *p < 0.05 vs sham, t test.
