Fig. 1.

Chronic symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

A: An Egyptian relief from Queen Hatshepsut’s temple, Luxor, depicting the Princess of Punt, a possible elephantiasis case. (The Queen’s reign: 1503-1482 B.C.); B and D: Elephantiasis of the legs and scrotum, described some 1,000 years ago in “Strange Diseases Picture Scroll.” (Kyoto National Museum, Japan); C: Huge elephantiasis of the scrotum, painted by Hokusai Katsushika (1760-1849). Manga in the Edo era of Japan. {From Ref. [2], courtesy of Prof.Yoshihito Otsuji}