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MyD88 or TRIF molecules are required for induction of TNF-α production during L. panamensis infection. TNF-α production was measured in MyD88−/− (A) and TRIF−/− (B) macrophages cocultured with opsonized or nonopsonized L. panamensis promastigotes and amastigotes at a 100:1 parasite-to-macrophage ratio, stimulated with specific TLR ligands or Sendai virus (hatched bars), or left untreated. Data are from three independent experiments and are expressed as means ± SEM.
