Fig. 8.

Activation of primary bone marrow macrophages by L. panamensis is TLR4 dependent, and signaling is preferentially mediated by MyD88. TNF-α production was measured in differentiated TLR4^−/− (A), MyD88^−/− (B), TRIF^−/− (C), and MyD88/TRIF^−/− (D) BMMs (from C57BL/6 mice) left untreated (medium), cocultured with L. panamensis promastigotes at a 100:1 parasite-to-macrophage ratio, or stimulated with specific TLR ligands or Sendai virus (hatched bars). Figures summarize data from three independent experiments and are expressed as means ± SEM. *, P < 0.05.