Table 1.

Definitions of Vocal Expressions Coded During Temper Tantrums

Scream	Typically shrill, loud, and with no verbal content. Usually short and flat melody.
Yell	Typically short in duration, command-like and usually containing some verbal content. Loud, but not as shrill as a scream.
Cry	Relatively loud and effortful, typically with and up and down melody. Breath may be interrupted, as in sobbing. Similar to an infant's cry.
Whine	Typically contains some verbal content with an up and down melody. May also include relatively shrill, monotonous nonverbal vocalization.
Fuss	Typically short, flat or falling melody, relatively quiet and low pitched.