Table 3.
Outcomes in cognitive abilities, quality of life, and lifestyle characteristics in preschool children according to intervention group (multidimensional lifestyle intervention). Values are unadjusted means (SD) unless stated otherwise*
| Baseline | After intervention | Effect estimate | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n=342) | Control (n=310) | Intervention (n=333) | Control (n=292) | Estimate (95% CI)† | P value | ICC | |||
| Cognitive abilities and quality of life | |||||||||
| Attention (KHV-VK, duration in min) | 5.9 (1.9) | 5.9 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.5) | 5.6 (1.6) | −4.0 (−27.0 to 19.1) | 0.98 | 0.07 | ||
| Attention (KHV-VK, correct cards) | 29.2 (10.4) | 28.5 (11.0) | 34.8 (5.8) | 34.7 (5.6) | 0.05 (−0.89 to 0.99) | 0.87 | 0.03 | ||
| Spatial working memory (IDS) | 3.7 (2.0) | 3.6 (2.0) | 4.8 (1.7) | 4.6 (1.7) | 0.11 (−0.31 to 0.54) | 0.58 | 0.03 | ||
| Quality of life (PedsQL, total score) | 82.5 (11.0) | 82.1 (10.8) | 81.5 (11.6) | 80.3 (10.4) | 1 (−0.57 to 3.1) | 0.17 | 0.02 | ||
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||||||
| Total physical activity (cpm) | 724 (166) | 729 (165) | 817 (186) | 820 (215) | −12.3 (−51.5 to 26.9) | 0.54 | 0.05 | ||
| Media use (TV, video and computer games, min/day) | 65.6 (60.0) | 69.1 (63.1) | 64.9 (53.0) | 81.7 (74.5) | −13.4 (−25.0 to −1.7) | 0.03 | 0.06 | ||
| Sleep duration (h/day) | 10.9 (0.6) | 10.9 (0.6) | 10.9 (0.6) | 10.8 (0.6) | 0.002 (−0.09 to 0.1) | 0.97 | 0.03 | ||
| Active children (%)‡ | 44.8% | 49.0% | 53.1% | 43.7% | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) | 0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Healthy eaters (%)§ | 26.4% | 21.4% | 24.3% | 12.4% | 1.9 (1.02 to 3.6) | 0.04 | <0.01 | ||
ICC=intercluster correlation ; cpm=counts per minute. KHV-VK=Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren für Vorschulkinder [concentration test for preschoolers]. IDS=Intelligence and Development Scales. PedsQL=Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.
*9 children in intervention group and 18 in control group moved away after baseline testing (for more details see figure 2).
†For quantitative outcome variables, effect estimate describes difference between mean change in intervention group and mean change in control group, adjusted for baseline values of age, sex, and language region and for cluster factor preschool class (that is, unit of randomisation). For binary outcome variables (active children and healthy eaters), effect estimates obtained from logistic regression models with same adjustments and expressed as odds ratios.
‡Reported by parents to be more active than other children of same age and sex (Lipid Research Clinics questionnaire).
§Correspond to healthiest quarter of recommendations of Swiss Society of Nutrition (food frequency questionnaire).