TABLE 2.

 Serum VEGF-A, -C, and -D concentrations in male smokers supplemented with placebo, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, or both for at least 2 y¹

	Intervention group
	Placebo	α-Tocopherol	β-Carotene	α-Tocopherol and β-carotene	P value2
VEGF-A, ng/L
n	86	89	90	90
Baseline	136 ± 13	132 ± 10	134 ± 11	120 ± 10
Follow-up	127 ± 12	127 ± 10	120 ± 9	120 ± 11
Change	−8.8 ± 6.4	−5.2 ± 5.2	−13.5 ± 6.9	0.6 ± 6.7	0.45
% Change	−6.5	−3.9	−10.1	0.1
VEGF-C, ng/L
n	85	90	87	90
Baseline	4,300 ± 157	4,450 ± 157	4,160 ± 140	3,920 ± 130
Follow-up	4,180 ± 165	4,080 ± 138	4,100 ± 121	3,920 ± 148
Change	−120 ± 169	−370 ± 117	−60.0 ± 137	0.0 ± 149	0.29
% Change	−2.8	−8.3	−1.4	0.0
VEGF-D, ng/L
n	87	91	88	88
Baseline	314 ± 12	364 ± 14	331 ± 14	337 ± 13
Follow-up	313 ± 13	329 ± 14	303 ± 14	314 ± 12
Change	−1.1 ± 9.4	−35.2 ± 8.3**	−28.3 ± 8.3*	−23.0 ± 7.5	0.03
% Change	−0.4	−9.7	−8.5	−6.8

¹Values are mean ± SE. Asterisks indicate the change differed from that in the placebo group: * < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

²P value from ANOVA. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors.