TABLE 4.

Adjusted associations between wealth quintile and BMI or overweight/obesity in 37 low- and middle-income countries¹

		Association between wealth quintile on BMI				Association between wealth quintile on overweight/obesity
	Year		Time 1		Time 2		Time 1		Time 2
Model	Time 1	Time 2	Adjusted marginal effect	95% CI	Adjusted marginal effect	95% CI	Adjusted RR	95% CI	Adjusted RR	95% CI
Pooled	—	—	0.50	(0.48, 0.52)	0.70	(0.68, 0.72)	1.25	(1.23, 1.26)	1.22	(1.21, 1.23)
Armenia	2000	2005	0.28	(0.14, 0.43)	0.21	(0.07, 0.35)	1.07	(1.04, 1.10)	1.04	(1.02, 1.07)
Bangladesh	1996	2007	0.37	(0.29, 0.45)	0.68	(0.61, 0.74)	1.95	(1.49, 2.55)	1.65	(1.55, 1.75)
Benin	1996	2006	0.45	(0.31, 0.59)	0.86	(0.78, 0.94)	1.43	(1.24, 1.65)	1.48	(1.42, 1.54)
Bolivia	1993	2008	0.58	(0.40, 0.76)	0.79	(0.66, 0.91)	1.21	(1.13, 1.29)	1.10	(1.08, 1.12)
Burkina Faso	1992	2003	0.26	(0.16, 0.36)	0.31	(0.22, 0.39)	1.41	(1.21, 1.63)	1.50	(1.35, 1.67)
Cambodia	2000	2005	0.46	(0.39, 0.54)	0.65	(0.58, 0.73)	1.56	(1.40, 1.73)	1.66	(1.55, 1.77)
Cameroon	1998	2004	0.54	(0.35, 0.72)	0.70	(0.54, 0.87)	1.35	(1.22, 1.51)	1.24	(1.17, 1.32)
Chad	1996	2004	0.28	(0.17, 0.40)	0.32	(0.20, 0.45)	1.25	(1.07, 1.45)	1.28	(1.11, 1.46)
Colombia	1995	2004	0.53	(0.36, 0.70)	0.23	(0.17, 0.29)	1.11	(1.06, 1.16)	1.04	(1.03, 1.05)
Cote d'Ivoire	1994	1998	0.46	(0.33, 0.59)	1.04	(0.79, 1.29)	1.40	(1.28, 1.53)	1.52	(1.36, 1.69)
Egypt, Arab Republic	1995	2008	0.97	(0.84, 1.11)	0.74	(0.65, 0.84)	1.17	(1.14, 1.20)	1.08	(1.07, 1.09)
Ethiopia	2000	2005	0.04	(−0.01, 0.09)	0.15	(0.07. 0.22)	1.45	(1.19, 1.77)	1.15	(0.98, 1.36)
Ghana	1993	2008	0.44	(0.28, 0.60)	1.19	(1.01, 1.36)	1.38	(1.19, 1.61)	1.40	(1.32, 1.49)
Guatemala	1995	1998	0.70	(0.58, 0.83)	0.88	(0.69, 1.08)	1.30	(1.24, 1.36)	1.23	(1.17, 1.29)
Guinea	1999	2005	0.40	(0.29, 0.50)	0.26	(0.13, 0.38)	1.40	(1.27, 1.55)	1.27	(1.15, 1.40)
Haiti	1994	2005	0.53	(0.35, 0.71)	1.04	(0.88, 1.19)	1.57	(1.32, 1.86)	1.46	(1.37,1.56)
India	1998	2005	0.71	(0.68, 0.74)	0.97	(0.93, 1.00)	1.90	(1.85, 1.96)	1.74	(1.70, 1.77)
Jordan	1997	2007	0.21	(0.06, 0.36)	−0.08	(−0.22, 0.06)	1.04	(1.02, 1.06)	1.00	(0.98, 1.02)
Kazakhstan	1995	1999	0.62	(0.49, 0.74)	0.97	(0.85, 1.10)	1.43	(1.32, 1.55)	1.38	(1.31, 1.46)
Kenya	1998	2008	0.27	(0.07, 0.47)	0.13	(−0.19, 0.45)	1.03	(0.99, 1.07)	1.05	(0.97, 1.13)
Madagascar	1997	2008	0.24	(0.14, 0.33)	0.42	(0.33, 0.50)	1.24	(1.06, 1.46)	1.66	(1.48, 1.87)
Malawi	1992	2004	0.22	(0.12, 0.32)	0.37	(0.31, 0.44)	1.22	(1.10, 1.35)	1.33	(1.26, 1.40)
Mali	1995	2006	0.19	(0.10, 0.28)	0.51	(0.41, 0.61)	1.31	(1.17, 1.47)	1.33	(1.26, 1.40)
Morocco	1992	2003	0.81	(0.60, 1.02)	0.89	(0.76, 1.02)	1.33	(1.23, 1.43)	1.17	(1.14, 1.20)
Mozambique	1997	2003	0.38	(0.28, 0.49)	0.60	(0.52, 0.68)	1.53	(1.35, 1.72)	1.51	(1.42, 1.60)
Namibia	1992	2006	0.80	(0.56, 1.04)	1.54	(1.35,1.72)	1.50	(1.31, 1.71)	1.38	(1.32, 1.44)
Nepal	1996	2006	0.06	(−0.03, 0.14)	0.49	(0.40, 0.58)	1.30	(0.98, 1.71)	1.82	(1.65, 2.01)
Nicaragua	1997	2001	0.63	(0.53, 0.74)	0.87	(0.75, 1.00)	1.14	(1.11, 1.17)	1.14	(1.11,1.17)
Niger	1998	2006	0.28	(0.18, 0.37)	0.35	(0.22, 0.49)	1.50	(1.29, 1.73)	1.43	(1.27, 1.60)
Nigeria	2003	2008	0.62	(0.48, 0.76)	0.77	(0.69, 0.86)	1.31	(1.23, 1.40)	1.35	(1.30, 1.39)
Peru	1991	2003	0.48	(0.35, 0.60)	0.63	(0.54, 0.72)	1.14	(1.10, 1.19)	1.11	(1.09, 1.12)
Rwanda	2000	2005	0.13	(0.06, 0.20)	0.25	(0.16, 0.33)	1.12	(1.04, 1.19)	1.34	(1.24, 1.46)
Tanzania	1996	2004	0.39	(0.29, 0.49)	0.63	(0.53, 0.73)	1.35	(1.23, 1.48)	1.49	(1.40, 1.59)
Turkey	1993	2003	0.37	(0.18, 0.55)	0.22	(0.07, 0.37)	1.08	(1.04, 1.12)	1.04	(1.01, 1.07)
Uganda	1995	2006	0.30	(0.21, 0.39)	0.84	(0.69, 0.99)	1.35	(1.21, 1.50)	1.57	(1.41, 1.75)
Zambia	1996	2007	0.37	(0.27, 0.47)	0.66	(0.51, 0.81)	1.28	(1.16, 1.41)	1.45	(1.34, 1.57)
Zimbabwe	1994	2005	0.46	(0.30, 0.63)	0.70	(0.57, 0.83)	1.27	(1.14, 1.41)	1.28	(1.21, 1.35)

¹Overweight/obese respondents were defined as those with a BMI (in kg/m²) >25. 95% CIs (in parentheses) adjusted to account for design effects.