Table 1.
Patient characteristics (n = 123)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age at enrollment (years) | 12.1 ± 3.3 |
| Age at Fontan operation (years) | 3.5 ± 2.2 |
| Age at volume unloading surgery (years) | 1.8 ± 1.7 |
| Female (%) | 54 (44%) |
| Diagnosis | |
| Tricuspid atresia | 36 (29%) |
| Double-inlet left ventricle | 22 (18%) |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 14 (12%) |
| D-loop transposition of great arteries with 2 ventricles, pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary atresia | 9 (7%) |
| Heterotaxy, double outlet right ventricle, single ventricle | 9 (7%) |
| Pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum | 7 (6%) |
| L-loop transposition of great arteries or double-outlet right ventricle with 2 ventricles, pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary atresia | 6 (5%) |
| Unbalanced atrioventricular canal | 3 (2%) |
| Other | 17 (14%) |
| Morphologic type of secondary ventricle | |
| Left ventricle | 39 (32%) |
| Right ventricle and infundibulum | 56 (46%) |
| Infundibulum alone | 28 (22%) |
| Fontan operation type | |
| Atriopulmonary connection | 24 (20%) |
| Total cavopulmonary connection (intracardiac lateral tunnel) | 71 (58%) |
| Total cavopulmonary connection (extracardiac lateral tunnel) | 13 (11%) |
| Total cavopulmonary connection (extracardiac conduit) | 14 (11%) |
| Other | 1 (1%) |
| Resting oxygen saturation (%) | 94.1 ± 3.6 |
| Peak oxygen saturation (%) | 91.1 ± 5.4 |
| Chronotropic index | 0.68 ± 0.17 |
| Moderate or greater atrioventricular valve regurgitation | 22 (18%) |
| Moderate or greater semilunar valve regurgitation | 4 (6%) |