Table 2.
Biometric parameters of QTLs affecting domestication-related traits in wheat under two environmental conditions: well-watered and water-limited
| Trait/chromosome | Position (cM) | Nearest marker | LODa | Water limited |
Well watered |
Favourable alleled | G×Ee (P) | ||
| PEVb | dc | PEV | d | ||||||
| Spike harvest index | |||||||||
| 2B | 116.2±17.6 | XwPt-1294 | 5.5*** | 0.105 | 0.044±0.031 | 0.018 | 0.006±0.001 | G | ** |
| 4A1 | 31.8±20.1 | Xgwm610 | 10.7*** | 0.130 | –0.046±0.030 | 0.117 | –0.027±0.025 | L | – |
| 4A2 | 82.1±17.8 | XwPt-11573 | 10.7*** | 0.130 | –0.010±0.030 | 0.117 | –0.021±0.020 | L | – |
| 4B | 61.4±11.7 | Xgwm857 | 8.8*** | 0.062 | –0.040±0.012 | 0.129 | –0.050±0.010 | L | NS |
| 5A | 16.4±15.0 | Xgwm154 | 7.1*** | 0.064 | –0.039±0.014 | 0.114 | –0.047±0.011 | L | NS |
| 7B | 36.6±18.3 | Xgwm537 | 6.2*** | 0.111 | 0.043±0.035 | 0.032 | –0.009±0.003 | G | * |
| Thousand kernel weight | |||||||||
| 1B | 35.8±17.9 | Xgwm1024 | 3.3* | – | – | 0.064 | –2.646±2.343 | L | WW |
| 2A | 137.2±15.2 | XtPt-3136 | 3.5* | – | – | 0.067 | 3.497±1.117 | G | WW |
| 2B | 134.4±11.0 | XwPt-0694 | 5.3*** | 0.068 | 2.551±0.545 | – | – | G | WL |
| 4A | 30.6±4.34 | Xgwm610 | 12.0*** | 0.141 | –3.799±0.829 | 0.166 | –5.556±1.034 | L | NS |
| 4B | 46.8±15.3 | Xgwm513 | 4. 9** | 0.041 | –1.965±0.884 | 0.066 | –3.193±1.240 | L | NS |
| 5A | 88.9±14.4 | Xwmc415a | 3.3* | – | – | 0.070 | 2.893±2.434 | G | WW |
| 5B | 55.0±10.5 | Xgwm371 | 7.0*** | 0.093 | 2.990±0.514 | – | – | G | WL |
| 6A | 92.3±15.8 | Xgwm786 | 4.6* | 0.080 | 2.806±0.984 | 0.018 | 1.041±1.574 | G | * |
| 6B1 | 81.2±19.0 | Xbarc136 | 9.5*** | 0.109 | –0.351±0.301 | 0.168 | –2.596±2.211 | L | – |
| 6B2 | 126.9±17.5 | XwPt-8554 | 9.5*** | 0.109 | 2.087±2.112 | 0.168 | 1.887±1.675 | G | – |
| 7A | 69.7±17.9 | XwPt-9555 | 4.9* | 0.045 | 2.051±0.915 | 0.051 | 2.894±1.309 | G | NS |
| 7B | 19.8±8.8 | Xgwm263 | 5.8*** | 0.118 | 3.403±0.605 | – | – | G | WL |
| Kernel number per spike | |||||||||
| 1B | 44.0±7.8 | Xgwm1028 | 7.9*** | 0.064 | 4.085±1.093 | 0.066 | 4.371±1.180 | G | NS |
| 2B | 56.3±1.7 | Xgwm410 | 14.4*** | 0.130 | –5.960±0.988 | 0.130 | –6.320±1.100 | L | NS |
| 3A | 108.2±2.1 | XwPt-1888 | 9.0*** | 0.047 | –3.435±0.979 | 0.099 | –5.445±1.023 | L | NS |
| 3B | 158.2±11.5 | XwPt-2491 | 5.4** | 0.054 | –3.654±1.295 | 0.041 | –3.311±1.402 | L | NS |
| 4A | 35.0±12.4 | Xgwm610 | 4.3* | 0.041 | –3.026±1.461 | 0.022 | –2.287±1.354 | L | NS |
| 4B | 5.4±5.1 | Xgwm930 | 7.9*** | 0.118 | –5.575±0.467 | 0.030 | –2.676±1.308 | L | * |
| 5A | 124.0±20.5 | Xgwm126 | 7.4*** | 0.049 | –3.593±1.076 | 0.083 | –4.949±1.136 | L | NS |
| 6A | 72.8±11.9 | Xgwm1150 | 5.1** | 0.023 | –2.150±1.324 | 0.076 | –4.744±1.067 | L | NS |
| 6B | 80.3±15.6 | Xbarc136 | 4.8** | 0.039 | 2.480±2.182 | 0.035 | 2.291±2.422 | G | NS |
*, **, ***, and NS indicate significance at P ≤0.05, 0.01, 0.001 or non-significant effect, respectively.
LOD scores that were found to be significant when comparing hypotheses H1 (there is a QTL in the chromosome) and H0 (no effect of the chromosome on the trait), using the 1000 permutation test (Churchill and Doerge, 1994).
Proportion of explained variance of the trait.
The adaptive effect of an allele calculated as one-half of the mean difference between homozygotes with and without the allele.
Favourable parental allele contributing to higher values; Langdon (L) and G18-16 (G).
Genotype×environment interaction, tested by comparing the model with a submodel in which both environments had an equal effect, using the 1000 permutation test. This test is not applicable when a QTL is specific for only one environment or in the case of the two-QTL model.