Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of DPP Study Participants According to Maternal Longevity Groups
| Participants’ Characteristics | Mother’s Age at Death |
p Value | ||||
| <50 (n = 156) | 50–59 (n = 188) | 60–69 (n = 295) | 70–79 (n = 401) | 80+ (n = 699)* | ||
| Age, y | 54.7 (44.9–62.1) | 50.5 (43.3–58.2) | 51.6 (46.2–58.6) | 55.2 (50.6–62.5) | 59 (53.1–64.6) | <.0001† |
| % Female | 64.7 | 71.3 | 67.1 | 60.1 | 60.4 | .02† |
| % Caucasian | 43.6 | 53.2 | 54.6 | 61.8 | 67.7 | <.0001† |
| % Income ≥ $50,000 | 36.4 | 38.1 | 40.9 | 44.2 | 45.6 | .16† |
| % Education ≥ 17 y | 21.2 | 20.7 | 25.4 | 30.2 | 28.8 | .19 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 33 (29.3–36.1) | 34.3 (29.5–38.4) | 32.7 (29.2–37.5) | 32 (28.6–36) | 31.2 (28.1–35.3) | <.0001† |
| Physical activity, MET-hours/wk | 10.0 (3.0–20.6) | 8.3 (3.0–18.8) | 9.9 (3.5–22.8) | 9.9 (3.9–19.7) | 11.2 (4.7–22.6) | .06 |
| Total, kcal/day | 1,952 (1,381–2,412) | 1,900 (1,464–2,595) | 1,793 (1,385–2,472) | 1,790 (1,413–2,323) | 1,791 (1,373–2,399) | .46 |
| Fasting PG, mg/dL | 104 (100–113) | 105 (100–114) | 106 (100–112) | 105 (100–112) | 105 (101–112) | .87 |
| 2-h PG, mg/dL | 164.5 (149–179) | 161.5 (150.5–178) | 166 (150–179) | 161 (149–180) | 162 (149–179) | .84 |
| Fasting insulin, IU/mL | 25 (17–34) | 24 (17–32) | 24 (16–35) | 22 (15–30) | 21 (14–29) | .0004† |
| HOMA-IR | 6.4 (4.2–9) | 6.2 (4.6–8.5) | 6.2 (4.1–9.2) | 5.6 (3.8–8.2) | 5.4 (3.7–7.7) | <.0001† |
| CIR | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | .0005† |
| % Mother having DM at age younger than 50 y | 13.6 | 24.7 | 20.6 | 15.2 | 4.8 | <.0001‡ |
| % Mother having CHD at age younger than 50 y | 9.8 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | <.0001‡ |
Notes: Data are median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified. BMI = body mass index; CHD = coronary heart disease; CIR = corrected insulin response; DM = diabetes mellitus; DPP = Diabetes Prevention Program; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; MET = metabolic equivalent; PG = plasma glucose. MET-hours represent the average amount of time engaged in specified physical activities multiplied by the MET value of each activity (data are based on responses to the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire).
The 80+ group includes people whose father was still alive and aged 80 years or older.
p Value < .05 for linear trend test across the five groups.
p Value < .05 comparing the 80+ group versus <50 group.