Table 2.

Multivariable Associations Between Hospitalization and Frailty Transitions Over 18-Month Intervals^*

Transition	HR (95% CI)	p Value
Nonfrail to
Prefrail	0.94 (0.79−1.11)	.461
Frail	1.33 (1.06−1.66)	.015
Death	1.64 (1.25−2.16)	<.001
Prefrail to
Nonfrail	0.52 (0.42−0.65)	<.001
Frail	1.07 (1.00−1.15)	.060
Death	1.45 (1.31−1.61)	<.001
Frail to
Nonfrail	0.46 (0.21−1.03)	.058
Prefrail	0.48 (0.40−0.58)	<.001
Death	1.29 (1.20−1.39)	<.001

Notes: CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

^*As described in the “Methods,” a single multivariable model was run that included three fixed covariates—sex, race/ethnicity, and years of education, and four time-dependent covariates—age 85 years or older, living alone, number of chronic conditions, and cognitive impairment. The time-dependent covariates were updated every 18 months during the comprehensive assessments. The hazard ratio refers to the marginal risk of making a specific transition based on exposure to each additional hospitalization over an 18-month interval.