Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics for the Entire Cohort and by sFlt-1 Quartiles
| Cohort | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1403 | n = 351 | n = 353 | n = 348 | n = 351 | ||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | 56 (14) | 53 (14) | 55 (14) | 58 (15) | 58 (14) | < 0.01 |
| Male, n (%) | 939 (67) | 228 (65) | 238 (67) | 231 (66) | 242 (69) | 0.78 |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| Caucasian | 1034 (74) | 310 (88) | 263 (75) | 238 (68) | 223 (64) | |
| African American | 320 (23) | 30 (9) | 72 (20) | 101 (29) | 117 (33) | |
| Other | 49 (3) | 11 (3) | 18 (5) | 9 (3) | 11 (3) | |
| Medical History and Risk Factors | ||||||
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 817 (58) | 165 (47) | 191 (54) | 234 (67) | 227 (65) | < 0.01 |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 397 (28) | 71 (20) | 91 (26) | 112 (32) | 123 (35) | < 0.01 |
| Any peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 182 (13) | 23 (7) | 51 (14) | 56 (16) | 52 (15) | < 0.01 |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 0.03 | |||||
| Never | 518 (37) | 154 (44) | 124 (35) | 120 (34) | 120 (34) | |
| Current | 129 (9) | 26 (7) | 40 (11) | 26 (7) | 37 (11) | |
| Former | 756 (54) | 171 (49) | 189 (54) | 202 (58) | 194 (55) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 887 (63) | 201 (57) | 218 (62) | 236 (68) | 232 (66) | 0.02 |
| Heart Failure Characteristics | ||||||
| NYHA classification, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| I | 227 (16) | 94 (27) | 81 (23) | 41 (12) | 11 (3) | |
| II | 649 (46) | 189 (54) | 174 (49) | 180 (52) | 106 (30) | |
| III | 421 (30) | 63 (18) | 84 (24) | 108 (31) | 166 (47) | |
| IV | 106 (8) | 5 (1) | 14 (4) | 19 (5) | 68 (19) | |
| Ischemic heart failure, n (%) | 423 (30) | 87 (25) | 94 (27) | 127 (36) | 115 (33) | < 0.01 |
| Ejection fraction | 33 (17) | 37 (16) | 34 (16) | 33 (17) | 28 (17) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy, n (%) | 354 (25) | 63 (18) | 67 (19) | 108 (31) | 116 (33) | < 0.01 |
| Defibrillator, n (%) | 593 (42) | 105 (30) | 135 (38) | 164 (47) | 189 (54) | < 0.01 |
| Medication Use | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%) | 1224 (87) | 315 (90) | 323 (92) | 310 (89) | 276 (79) | 0.54 |
| Aldosterone antagonists, n (%) | 477 (34) | 103 (29) | 104 (29) | 123 (35) | 147 (42) | < 0.01 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 762 (54) | 190 (54) | 199 (56) | 195 (56) | 178 (51) | 0.41 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 1225 (87) | 309 (88) | 317 (90) | 310 (89) | 289 (82) | 0.01 |
| Clinical Measures | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30 (7) | 29 (5) | 30 (7) | 32 (8) | 30 (8) | < 0.01 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 45 (15) | 45 (13) | 45 (15) | 47 (16) | 42 (16) | < 0.01 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 69 (25) | 77 (21) | 73 (24) | 64 (26) | 59 (26) | < 0.01 |
| Sodium | 139 (3) | 140 (3) | 139 (3) | 140 (3 | 138 (4) | < 0.01 |
| Biomarkers or Clinical Risk Scores | ||||||
| BNP, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 175 (48, 531) | 57 (21, 117) | 124 (39, 282) | 229 (80, 520) | 766 (250, 1295) | < 0.01 |
| sFlt-1, pg/ml | 348 (181) | 227 (26) | 282 (14) | 336 (21) | 546 (266) | |
| PlGF, pg/ml | 19.4 (6.2) | 18.0 (4.9) | 19.4 (5.8) | 20.4 (5.9) | 20.0 (7.4) | < 0.01 |
| SHFM score | −0.07 (1.0) | −0.60 (0.8) | −0.33 (0.8) | 0.03 (0.9) | 0.62 (1.0) | < 0.01 |
sFlt-1 quartiles: ≤ 258; 258 to 308; 308 to 379, > 379 pg/ml
Summaries presented as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise noted as n (%) or median (inter-quartile range; IQR)
*
Based on ANOVA for symmetric continuous variables; Kruskal-Wallis test for non-symmetric continuous variables; χ2 for categorical variables