Table 1.
Relevance of ER stress in human disease states
| Disease state | Role of ER-Stress and UPR | Key proteins | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | AD-induced Presenilin 1 regulates BiP. | Presenilin 1, PERK, eIF2α, BiP | Katayama et al. (1999); Milhavet et al. (2002); Niwa et al. (1999); Terro et al. (2002); Unterberger et al. (2006) |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) | Suppressed ER-stress- induced apoptosis and aggregation of α-synuclein. | Parkin,α-synuclein | Dawson and Dawson (2003); Imai et al. (2000); Petrucelli et al. (2002); Ryu et al. (2002); Takahashi et al. (2003) |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Altered ERAD machinery and activation of ASK1. | Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), ASK1 and Derlin-1 | Nishitoh et al. (2008) |
| Bipolar Disorder | Current medications target induction of UPR. | XBP1 | Cichon et al. (2004); Kakiuchi et al. (2005, 2003) |
| Stroke | CHOP and UPR mediates neuronal response in Ischemia. | PERK-eIF2α, ASK1, CHOP | Kumar et al. (2001); Paschen et al. (1998); Tajiri et al. (2004); Tanaka et al. (2000) |
| Heart Disease | Degeneration of cardiac myocytes, transaortic constriction. Myocardial infarction induces UPR. | IRE1, PERK- eIF2α, ASK1 | Glembotski (2008); Okada et al. (2004); Pan et al. (2004); Shintani-Ishida et al. (2006); Thuerauf et al. (2006); Vitadello et al. (2003) |
| Atherosclerosis | Regulates inflammatory genes in vascular cells. | IRE1, JNK, TRAF2, XBP1 | Gargalovic et al. (2006); Harding et al. (2001); Lee et al. (2008); Zhang et al. (2001) |
| Type 1 diabetes | Regulators in normal conditions and triggers β cell dysfunction and apoptosis in ER Stress. | PERK-eIF2α, JNK and Calcium | Araki et al. (2003); Fonseca et al. (2005); Ishihara et al. (2004); Oyadomari et al. (2002, 2001); Scheuner et al. (2001); Yamada et al. (2006) |
| Type 2 diabetes | ER stress is a key aspect of type 2 diabetes. | XBP1, JNK | Ozcan et al. (2004) |
| Cancer | Cytoprotective branches of UPR vital to survival and progression of tumors. | BiP, XBP1, ATF6, PERK | Bi et al. (2005); Fujimoto et al. (2003); Jamora et al. (1996); Romero-Ramirez et al. (2004); Shuda et al. (2003) |
| Autoimmune disease | Development of plasma cells and dendritic cells. | XBP1, HLA-B27 | Blass et al. (2001); Corrigall et al. (2001); Todd et al. (2008) |
| Glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury | Upregulation of BiP, CHOP and down- regulation of Bcl-2 in primary glomerular diseases. | BiP, CHOP, Bcl2 | Blass et al. (2001); Corrigall et al. (2001); Todd et al. (2008) Bando et al. (2004); Markan et al. (2009) |