Table 2.

Therapeutic interventions targeting ER stress.

Compound	Pathway	Function	Reference
Valporate (VPA), lithium	ER chaperones (BiP, GRP94, Calreticulin)	Remove ER Stress; ER chaperone induction in Neuro-protection in Bipolar Disorders.	Bown et al. (2002); Hiroi et al. (2005); Shao et al. (2006)
BiP inducer X (BIX)	ER chaperones (BiP)	Remove ER Stress; Small-molecule inducer of BiP in Celebral ischemia; stroke resulting in reduced cell death.	Kudo et al. (2008)
Salubrinal	eIF2α, Bcl2	Phosphatase inhibitor; PERK- eIF2α pathway agonist in Parkinson's disease; anti-stroke; regulator of Bcl2.	Araki et al. (2003); Boyce et al. (2005); Harding et al. (2001); Kessel (2006); Kumar et al. (2001); Reijonen et al. (2008); Scheuner et al. (2001)
p38 MAPK antagonists	p38 MAPK (CHOP activity)	Apoptosis up; p38 dependent CHOP phosphorylation regulator in stroke, diabetes.	Milhavet et al. (2002); Paschen et al. (1998); Tajiri et al. (2004); Wang and Ron (1996); Yoshida (2007)
Versipelostatin (VST)	BiP	Apoptosis up; Alters BiP production in glucose-deprived solid tumors.	Park et al. (2004)
Bortezomib, Nelfavir, Atazanavir	Proteasome, XBP1	Apoptosis up; Inhibition of HIV-1 proteasome activity. CHOP mediated cell death.	Gills et al. (2007); Lee et al. (2003); Neubert et al. (2008); Pyrko et al. (2007)
Brefeldin A	CHOP, BiP	Apoptosis up; Inhibition of protein trafficking, ER swelling.	Carew et al. (2006)