Table 1. Dose–Response Effects of Nicotine on rCBV.
| Area (number of voxels) |
Group |
Group differences | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
| Saline | 0.03 mg/kg | 0.10 mg/kg | 0.30 mg/kg | ||
| Primary cortex | |||||
| Auditory | −1.73±1.08a | −0.01±1.26 | 14.68±1.41 | 13.03±1.90 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (204) | −2.17±1.01b | −1.90±1.33 | 7.26±3.44 | 1.40±3.07 | |
| Visual | −1.60±1.00 | −0.25±1.09 | 14.48±1.53 | 12.03±1.79 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (135) | −1.57±1.21 | −1.77±1.00 | 7.30±3.22 | 2.15±3.12 | |
| Somatosensory | −1.67±0.86 | 0.42±1.04 | 13.14±1.16 | 12.63±1.24 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (1379) | −1.56±1.03 | −1.39±0.87 | 6.30±2.78 | 1.16±2.68 | |
| Insula | −1.81±0.93 | 0.49±1.24 | 16.85±1.71 | 14.44±1.34 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (350) | −1.47±0.97 | −1.38±0.93 | 8.14±3.87 | 0.77±3.06 | |
| Motor | −1.45±1.01 | 0.53±0.98 | 15.06±1.79 | 10.73±1.09 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (560) | −0.21±0.99 | −0.89±0.65 | 7.21±2.99 | 0.11±2.71 | |
| Parietal | −1.55±1.05 | −0.24±1.02 | 14.13±1.48 | 11.60±1.61 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (151) | −1.55±1.09 | −1.69±0.90 | 6.94±2.99 | 1.72±2.96 | |
| Limbic cortex | |||||
| mPFC | −1.52±0.60 | 0.44±1.51 | 17.20±2.15 | 10.91±1.48 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (104) | −1.52±0.98 | −0.85±0.97 | 9.30±3.81 | 0.36±2.69 | 3>1, 2 |
| Orbital | −2.04±0.65 | −0.42±1.16 | 13.11±1.06 | 7.32±1.65 | 3>1, 2, 4; 4>1, 2 |
| (178) | −0.05±0.92 | −1.23±0.63 | 5.77±2.46 | −1.07±2.81 | |
| Cingulate | −1.07±0.76 | 0.82±1.06 | 19.31±2.71 | 17.85±1.88 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (125) | −1.75±1.17 | −0.67±0.87 | 9.60±3.86 | 1.68±3.03 | 3>1 |
| RSDG | −1.80±0.62 | 0.25±0.67 | 14.54±2.28 | 14.75±2.00 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (135) | −1.36±1.04 | −1.37±0.51 | 7.57±3.30 | 1.54±2.88 | |
| Perirhinal | −3.24±1.31 | −1.25±1.22 | 14.14±2.63 | 11.03±1.46 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (59) | −2.46±0.92 | −1.64±1.54 | 7.55±4.24 | 0.91±3.00 | |
| Olfactory bulb | −2.24±0.89 | −3.64±1.23 | 9.85±1.13 | −0.44±0.96 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| (157) | −0.04±0.74 | −1.79±0.30 | 4.51±1.89 | −3.15±1.40 | 3>2, 4 |
| Subcortical limbic system | |||||
| Septum | −2.10±0.43 | −1.90±1.04 | 8.25±1.48 | −2.61±1.75 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| (222) | −0.08±0.96 | −2.02±0.39 | 5.12±2.28 | −3.05±1.44 | 3>2, 4 |
| Hippocampus | −2.92±0.30 | −1.97±0.56 | 4.23±1.13 | −6.31±2.17 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| (356) | −1.26±1.03 | −1.69±0.40 | 2.38±1.58 | −5.16±1.13 | |
| Amygdala | −3.70±0.97 | −0.56±1.39 | 12.67±2.54 | −0.57±1.64 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| (32) | −0.79±1.39 | −2.29±0.83 | 8.76±3.90 | −4.64±1.99 | 3>2, 4 |
| Accumbens | −1.62±0.77 | −1.32±1.65 | 12.23±1.80 | 2.06±1.47 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| (105) | −0.67±1.18 | −0.97±0.58 | 6.87±3.20 | −1.78±2.20 | 3>4 |
| Hypothalamus | −2.80±0.47 | −1.72±1.02 | 3.78±1.22 | −1.09±1.10 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| (134) | −1.24±1.25 | −1.86±0.59 | 4.36±2.03 | −3.02±0.89 | 3>1, 2, 4 |
| Caudate−putamen | −1.29±0.66 | 0.01±1.36 | 10.56±1.12 | 4.92±0.93 | 3>1, 2, 4; 4>1, 2 |
| (638) | −2.05±1.22 | −1.61±1.07 | 5.31±3.53 | −0.74±1.76 | |
| Thalamus | −1.65±0.45 | −0.15±0.73 | 9.17±1.31 | 8.03±0.95 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (722) | −1.34±1.11 | −1.21±0.61 | 5.63±2.55 | 2.19±1.90 | |
| Brain stem | −0.88±1.04 | −1.00±0.68 | 6.16±1.12 | 3.64±0.86 | 3>1, 2; 4>1, 2 |
| (71) | −0.93±1.06 | −1.74±0.39 | 5.51±2.26 | 1.20±1.48 | 3>1, 2 |
Abbreviations: mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; RSDG, retrosplenial dysgranular and granular cortices.
Values represent percent rCBV changes relative to the baseline for each of the two injections. The upper and lower values represent the 1st and 2nd injections as shown by the exemplary superscripts a and b, respectively. Significant group differences were thresholded at p<0.05 after Bonferroni correction. Values represent the mean±SEM for each treatment group (n=6 per group).