Table 2. Results of nested ANOVA for 18 traits of Ulex europaeus plants grown in a common garden.
| Populations | Regions | ||||||||||
| N | Mean±SDa | d.f. | F | d.f. | F | ||||||
| Plant height | |||||||||||
| June 2007 (cm) | 265 | 42.7±13.5 | 8 | 2.29* | 3 | 10.97** | |||||
| October 2008 (cm) | 120 | 126.0±30.3 | 8 | 1.05 | 3 | 6.44* | |||||
| October 2009 (cm) | 107 | 180.9±34.4 | 8 | 1.03 | 3 | 4.92* | |||||
| Vegetative growth | |||||||||||
| Shoot number 2007 | 265 | 4.12±3.21 | 8 | 2.56* | 3 | 0.57 | |||||
| Total shoot length 2007 (cm) | 265 | 100.1±52.2 | 8 | 3.03** | 3 | 0.54 | |||||
| Basal area 2008 (m2) | 120 | 1.01±0.46 | 8 | 0.55 | 3 | 10.07** | |||||
| Shoot length 2009 (cm) | 112 | 60.7±13.6 | 8 | 2.18* | 3 | 2.67 | |||||
| Reproductive phenology b | |||||||||||
| Flowering onset (days) | 106 | 173.8±55.3 | 8 | 4.93**** | 3 | 1.38 | |||||
| Flowering duration (days) | 106 | 90.8±52.0 | 8 | 3.68*** | 3 | 1.34 | |||||
| Fruiting onset (days) | 106 | 268.2±44.4 | 8 | 4.78**** | 3 | 0.59 | |||||
| Fruiting duration (days) | 105 | 36.8±44.2 | 8 | 4.68**** | 3 | 0.68 | |||||
| Reproductive output c | |||||||||||
| Pod density (cm-1) | 106 | 2.31±1.45 | 8 | 2.80** | 3 | 1.77 | |||||
| Seeds per pod | 103 | 3.12±0.82 | 8 | 1.74# | 3 | 0.33 | |||||
| Seed mass (mg) | 105 | 6.48±0.89 | 8 | 1.97# | 3 | 1.24 | |||||
| Pod infestation rates d | |||||||||||
| Weevils (%) | 103 | 21.6±23.4 | 8 | 4.48**** | 3 | 0.55 | |||||
| Moths (%) | 103 | 2.53±3.67 | 8 | 0.99 | 3 | 3.67# | |||||
| Total (%) | 103 | 25.3±25.7 | 8 | 4.54**** | 3 | 0.69 | |||||
| Hymenoptera (%) | 103 | 4.17±7.72 | 8 | 2.62* | 3 | 0.92 | |||||
a
Standard deviation of the whole sample.
b
Monitored in 2008–2009, with Sept 1st 2008 taken as the first day of the reproductive season.
c
Pod density was measured in May 2009; seeds per pod and seed mass were measured in late June 2009.
d
Measured in late June 2009.
#
P<0.10, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001, **** P<0.0001.