Fig. 1.

VN1203 infection of Calu-3 cells. (A) Calu-3 cells were infected with VN1203 (MOI of 1), and supernatants were harvested for the quantification of infectious virus production by plaque assay in MDCK cells. Log₁₀ viral titers are shown for 7, 12, 18, and 24 h postinfection (hpi), with variation indicated by ± standard deviations for six biological replicates. (B) The level of segment 5 (nucleoprotein; NP) genomic viral RNA and mRNA was determined by qPCR for each time point (0, 3, 7, 12, 18, and 24 hpi). Note that the 0-h time point was designated the end of the incubation period with virus inocula. Values represent the average log₁₀ fold changes relative to levels for time-matched mock-infected control samples, and variation is indicated by ± standard deviations from three biological replicates. (C) CPE was microscopically assessed at each time point, and the level is indicated using a +/− scale as described in Materials and Methods.