Table 1.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Reviewed Outbreaks
| Region/ CountryREF |
Flash/CAP/Years | Dates of Outbreak | Scope of outbreak (size) | Reported Cases |
Age of Cases |
Incidence per 100,000 | Vaccination Coverage of Population | Vaccination Status of Cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICAS | ||||||||
| Bolivia [9] | 2004, 2007, 2008 | 1998-2000 | Nationwide (8 million) |
2567 | 55% < 5 y ≈18% 5-14 y |
32 | 1995-1997 < 90% | N/A |
| Haiti [10] | 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 | 3/00-9/01 | Nationwide (6.8 million) |
1149 | N/A | 14.1 | 1995-1999: 47% in 1 y olds |
N/A |
| Colombia [11] | 2003 | 1-7/02 | 10/33 departments | 68 | 65% 1-4 y | 5.5 | 80% < 1 y (2000) 91% < 1 y (2001) |
N/A |
| Colombia [12] | 2-3/02 | 3 departments (subset of Colombia o/b above) | 9 | 55% < 5 y 45% 5-15 y |
N/A | 66-127% in affected municipalities | N/A | |
| ASIA | ||||||||
| Afghanistan [15] | 1999-2003 2006-2010 |
2001 | Nationwide | 8762 | 62% 0-4 y 29% 5-9 y 9% > 10 y |
N/A | 62-90% | N/A |
| Afghanistan [16] | 2000 | 7 of 30 provinces | thousands | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Afghanistan [17] | 2001 | Nationwide (362 sentinel sites, 12.5 million 6 m-12 y) | 8762 | 62% 0-4 y 33% 5-12 y |
70 (for 6 m - 12 y) | 40-47% | N/A | |
| India [13] | 2005 (Indian Ocean) | Aug 08 to Mar 09 | Rural (362072, 148540 children < 15 y) |
1811 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| India [14] | 2005 (Indian Ocean) | Dec 04-Jan 05 | Coastal area (87284 - 8803 < 5 y) | 30 in non-affected villages 71 in tsunami affected villages |
(non-affected) 36.7% < 5 y 5 y < = 60% < 15 y 3.3% > = 15 y (affected) 43.7% < 5 y 5 y < = 56.3% < 15 y 0% > 15 y |
1.7 in non-affected 1.3 in affected |
Estimated: 95% | 3% |
| Sri Lanka [19] | 2002, 2003, 2006-2008 | 10/99 - 6/00 | Nationwide (19 million) |
15250 suspected 4611 confirmed |
15% < 5 y 32% 5-14 y |
24 (4611/19 M) |
90% | 40% (of 3728 evaluated) |
| Laos [20,1] | 2009 | 3/1999 - 3/2000 | Nationwide (5 million); 4 villages subset (2871) | 2634 nationally, 185 in 4 villages | 57% > 5 y 40% 5-13 y (subsample of 185 in 4 villages) |
53 (nationally) 6443 (4 village subset) |
68% on avg in previous 4 y | 35% (subsample of 185 in 4 villages) VE = 68% |
| AFRICA | ||||||||
| Niger [21] | 2005 | 2003 Nationally, 1/1 - 15/4 in Mirriah District | Nationwide (12.5 million); Mirrah district (677,885) | 50138 Nationally, 8817 Mirriah district | 75% < 5 y 20% 5-14 y |
400 Nationwide 1300 in Mirriah district |
25-91% in past decade | 12.3% |
| Kenya [28,1,2] | 2001, 2006, 2008 | 7-11/1998 | 2 hospitals | 1000 | 75% > 4 y | N/A | 70-93% | 39% (VE = 84%) |
| Tanzania [24] | 1999-2001 Refugees from Burundi | 3-5/2001 | 4 refugee camps in Kibondo District (170500) | 1062 | 21% < 9 m 27% 9 m-5 y 31% 6-15 y |
623 | 95% | 82% 9 m-5 y 27% 6-15 y |
| Ethiopia [25] | 2000-3, 2006-7 | 1-7/2000 | Gode District, Ethiopia | N/A | N/A | N/A | 57% (in 9-36 m) | 3% (9-36 m) |
| Mozambique [29,1,3] |
2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 | Multiple 1998-2001 | Nationwide (16 million) | Not clear, about 35-40,000 | Varied greatly 30-85% 0-59 m |
N/A | 67-100% | N/A |
| Niger [21-23] | 2005 | 2003-2004 | Niamey (surveyed = 26795) | 1024 | 82% < 5 y 3.5% > 15 y |
N/A | 70.9% | 37.3% |
| Chad [23] | 2004-2010 | 2004-2005 | Ndjamena(surveyed = 21812) | 745 | 70% < 5 y 4.4% > 15 y |
N/A | 33% | 70% |
| South Africa [30,1,2,4] | 2003, 2008 | July 03-may 05 | Johannesburg and rural (Oliver Tambo District) | 349 in J'burg 302 in Tambo |
J'burg: 80% < 5 y 5 y < = 15% < 15 y 3% > = 15 y Tambo: 41% < 5 y 5 y < = 49% < 15 y 8% > = 15 y |
N/A | J'burg: Adm Cov 102% Tambo: Adm Cov: 90% |
J'burg: 47.4% Tambo: 29.7% |
| Tanzania [31] | 1999, 2001 | July 06-Jan 07 | Dar-Es-Salaam (2.5 M - 880000 < 14 y) | 1533 | Before response: 8% < 6 m 6 m = < 60% < 15 y 32% > = 15 y |
29.3 | 84% | N/A |
| Sudan [26,27] | 1998-2008 | Mar to Jun 04 | Darfur Region 2607082 Accessible 2170985 |
3 o/b: (West Darfur)01/03 to 27/04: 48 cases (North Darfur)27/03 to 16/06: 521 (West Darfur)01/04 to 03/06: 142 |
58% < 5 y | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| EUROPE | ||||||||
| Albania [32] | 1999 | 04/99-06/99 | 442000 refugees from Kosovo | 80 | 43% > = 15 y | N/A | unknown | |
*Abbreviations contained in the body of the table: N/A = not available, o/b = outbreak, w = week, m = month and y = year VE = reported vaccine effectiveness