Table 2.

IFN-γ, IL-17 and TGF-β effects in the tumor microenvironment

Cytokine	Secreting cells	Cytokine effects
IFN-γ	CD4+ Th1 CD8+ T NK NKT γδ T cells	Positive effects on tumor immune surveillance: Directs anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects Upregulates MHC expression on tumor cells Inhibits angiogenesis Antagonizes suppression by tumor-derived TGF-β
IL-17	Th17 γδ T cells	Positive and negative effects on tumor immune surveillance, depending on tumor context and model: Suppresses tumor progression by enhancing antitumor immunity, or promote tumor progression by an increase in inflammatory angiogenesis?
TGF-β1	CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg Th17	Negative effects on tumor immune surveillance: Remodeling of tumor matrix and stromal cells Promotes angiogenesis Induction of Treg cells development Inhibits development, proliferation, and function of both the innate and the adaptive immunity