Table 3.
Factors Associated with PMS, Multivariate Analysisa
| |
PMS model 1 |
PMS model 2 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic, physiological, hormonal factors | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Total n = 3042 | ||||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| ≤30 | 1 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.09 | ||
| >30 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.5 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.4 | ||
| Ever been pregnant | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.72 | 1 | 0.88 | ||
| Yes | 0.9 | 0.6–1.5 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | ||
| Employment | ||||||
| Working | 1 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.26 | ||
| Not working | 1.5 | 1.0–2.2 | 1.3 | 0.8–1.9 | ||
| BMI | ||||||
| >18.5 | 0.5 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.09 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.19 |
| ≥18.5 to <30 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥30 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.2 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 | ||
| Stressful event in the past year | ||||||
| No | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 2.3 | 1.7–3.3 | 2.1 | 1.5–3.0 | ||
| Contraception | ||||||
| Nonhormonal methodb | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.1 | ||
| Progestin-only methodc | 0.5 | 0.3–0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3–1.0 | ||
| Combined estrogen/progestin | 0.5 | 0.4–0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | ||
| Menstrual characteristics | ||||||
| Age at menarche | ||||||
| <11 | 1.9 | 0.8–4.5 | 0.13 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.4 | 0.27 |
| ≥11 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Periods lasting >1 week | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 1.8 | 1.1–2.9 | ||||
| Dysmenorrhea | ||||||
| No | 1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 2.9 | 2.0–4.2 | ||||
| Menorrhagia | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.43 | ||||
| Yes | 1.2 | 0.8–1.7 | ||||
a
Analysis was performed on the combined dataset of observations (2003–2004), using a cluster effect to take into account the intrawoman correlation.
b
Copper IUD/barrier/traditional, or no method.
c
Mirena IUD, progestin-only pill, implant.