Table 1.
Participant and delivery characteristics for the study cohort.
| Maternal Antenatal Treatment |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| HAART (N = 258) |
Zidovudine (N = 170) |
P-valuea | |
| Maternal Characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Enrollment site, no. (%) | 1.0 | ||
| Gaborone (city) | 143 (55.4) | 94 (55.3) | |
| Molepolole (village) | 115 (44.6) | 76 (44.7) | |
| Monthly personal income, no. (%) | 0.742 | ||
| None | 87 (33.9) | 52 (30.6) | |
| ≤ $100 | 52 (20.2) | 34 (20.0) | |
| > $100 | 118 (45.9) | 84 (49.4) | |
| Electricity in household, no. (%) | 125 (48.5) | 76 (44.7) | 0.489 |
| Age at delivery (years), median (IQR) |
31.1 (27-35) | 28.8 (25-32) | < 0.001 |
| Recent CD4+ cell count (cells/μL), median (IQR)b |
263 (195-424) | 430 (344-602) | < 0.001 |
| Nadir CD4+ cell count (cells/μL), median (IQR) |
188 (126-230) | — | — |
| Antiretroviral regimen at delivery, no (%) | — | ||
| ZDV/3TC/NVPc | 208 (80.6) | 0 | |
| TDF/FTC/NVP | 12 (4.7) | 0 | |
| D4T/3TC/NVP | 10 (3.9) | 0 | |
| ZDV/3TC/LPV/rd | 28 (10.9) | 0 | |
| ZDV monotherapy | 0 | 152 (89.4) | |
| ZDV with single-dose NVP | 0 | 18 (10.6) | |
| HAART prior to conception, no (%) | 144 (55.8) | 0 (0) | — |
| Duration of HAART prior to conception (months), median (IQR) |
28.7 (15-51) | — | — |
| Duration of antenatal antiretroviral treatment (weeks), median (IQR)e |
12.0 (7-18) | 10.4 (8-12) | < 0.001 |
| Gestational age at antiretroviral treatment initiation (weeks), median (IQR)e |
26.9 (21-31) | 28.5 (28-30) | 0.004 |
| Initiated antiretroviral treatment after 30 weeks gestation, no (%)e |
37 (32.5) | 43 (26.2) | 0.283 |
| Delivery Characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks), Median (IQR) |
38.9 (37-40) | 39.1 (38-40) | 0.150 |
| Caesarian delivery, no (%)f | 31 (12.3) | 11 (6.5) | 0.067 |
| Spontaneous membrane rupture, no (%) | 187 (72.5) | 116 (68.2) | 0.385 |
| Infant Characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Male sex, no (%) | 132 (51.2) | 84 (49.4) | 0.767 |
|
| |||
| Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), no (%) | 57 (22.1) | 23 (13.5) | 0.031 |
|
| |||
| Small for gestational age, no (%)g | 54 (20.9) | 23 (13.5) | 0.055 |
| Premature (< 37 weeks), no (%) | 59 (22.9) | 32 (18.8) | 0.336 |
| Received infant prophylaxis, no (%)h | 246 (95.4) | 165 (97.1) | 0.455 |
| Breastfed, no (%) | 20 (7.8) | 8 (4.7) | 0.237 |
| Unknown infant HIV status, no (%) | 6 (2.3) | 7 (4.1) | 0.389 |
| Infant death by 6 months of age, no (%) | 10 (3.9) | 10 (5.9) | 0.357 |
Note. HAART, highly-active antiretroviral therapy; ZDV, zidovudine; IQR, interquartile range; 3TC, lamivudine; NVP, nevirapine; FTC, emtricitabine; D4T, stavudine; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir;
Fisher’s exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Most recent CD4 prior to delivery. Measured within 6 months of delivery for 75% of mothers on HAART and 91% of mothers on zidovudine. CD4 drawn 6 months post-partum used for one mother.
Includes one mother taking ZDV, 3TC, and efavirenz.
Includes two mothers taking 3TC, abacavir, and LPV/r, two mothers taking D4T, 3TC, and LPV/r and one mother taking TDF, FTC, and LPV/r.
Includes only mothers beginning HAART or ZDV during pregnancy. Mothers taking HAART at conception are excluded from these calculations.
78.5% of Caesarian deliveries were emergent.
< 10 percentile on Botswana normative table (unpublished data, Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute)
Received both infant single-dose NVP and 4 week supply of infant ZDV.