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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Microvasc Res. 2011 May 6;83(1):45–55. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.012

Fig. 4. Detoxification pathways of hydroxyalkenals and oxidized phospholipids.

Fig. 4

(A) 4-HNE accumulation is regulated by glutathione S-transferases (GST-S-transferases), glutathione (GST), aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldehyde-D), alcohol dehydrogenase (Alcohol-D), aldose reductase, and aldo-keto reductase (Aldo-Keto-reductases). (B) Ox-PLs accumulation is regulated by glutathione S-transferases (GST-S-transferases), glutathione (GST), phospholipid glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxiredoxins, aldo-keto reductases (Aldo-Keto-reductases), phospholipases, acetylhydrolase and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).