Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Schizophrenia | Relative | Control | |
| N | 27 | 23 | 36 |
| Age | 43.4 (10.1)a | 49.8 (6.5) | 42.1 (11.4)a |
| Gender (% female) | 22a | 65 | 44 |
| Education (years completed) | 14.3 (2.5)b | 14.5 (2) | 15.5 (1.9) |
| Education (% HS completed) | 93 | 100 | 97 |
| Maternal education (% HS completed) | 82 | 87 | 89 |
| Intelligence quotient | 99.5 (12.6)a,b | 109.9 (17.4) | 108.2 (13.2) |
| Handedness (% right handed) | 96 | 87 | 86 |
| BPRS total: range | 46 (13): 27–74 | 29 (4): 24–38c | 28 (4): 24–45c |
| SANS total: range | 26 (15): 2–47 | — | — |
| SAPS total: range | 18 (16): 1–55 | — | — |
| Years ill: range | 21 (11): 1–37 | — | — |
| CPZ equivalence | 523 (558) | — | — |
| Axis I (% with any lifetime diagnosis) | — | 52d | 39e |
| Relative status—Parent:sibling | — | 3:20 | — |
Note: Data was missing from 1 patient, 2 relatives, and 2 controls for the face recognition tasks. HS, high school; estimated intelligence quotient was measured using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition Vocabulary and Block Design subtests.55 BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: 24 items, scores can range from 24 to 168; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms: 20 items, scores can range from 0 to 100; SAPS, Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms: 30 items, scores can range from 0 to 150. CPZ, chlorpromazine equivalence for antipsychotic medications.
Less than relatives.
Less than controls.
Less than patients.
Relatives had a lifetime history of the following Axis I disorders (some relatives has more than one disorder): depressive disorder (5 participants), posttraumatic stress disorder (1 participant), cocaine dependence (1 participant), alcohol abuse (8 participants), cannabis abuse (1 participant), and stimulant abuse (1 participant).
Controls had a lifetime history of the following Axis I (some controls has more than one disorder): depressive disorder (5 participants), anxiety disorder (6 participants), bulimia (1 participant), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (1 participant), cocaine dependence (1 participant), alcohol dependence (6 participants), alcohol abuse (5 participants), cannabis abuse (2 participants), and stimulant abuse (1 participant).